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Introduction to Plant Biotechnology PlSc 452/552 Lecture 1 Chapter 1

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Title: Introduction to Plant Biotechnology PlSc 452/552 Lecture 1 Chapter 1


1
Introduction to Plant BiotechnologyPlSc 452/552
Lecture 1 Chapter 1
  • C. Neal Stewart, Jr.
  • plantsciences.utk.edu/stewart.htm
  • nealstewart_at_utk.edu

2
Rules for class
  • Do the readings
  • Proper preparation prevents poor performance
  • Ask lots of questions
  • Give lots of answers
  • All opinions and thoughts will be heard and
    respected
  • Grades are not awarded on the basis of need

Have fun!
3
Questions for the semester
  • What is/are genetic engineering, transgenic
    plants, biotechnology?
  • What is the current and potential applications?
  • Risks?
  • Benefits?
  • How does plant biotechnology fit in with plant
    breeding and agriculture?

4
Objectives and questions
  • Define plant biotechnology.
  • What biotech crops are grown and where?
  • Why do farmers grow transgenic crops?
  • How has the adoption of plant biotechnology
    impacted the environment?
  • What has been plant biotechs impact in the US
    and in developing countries?

5
Central dogma DNA?RNA? protein
6
Transgenic plants-Agrobacterium
Any gene, any organism
The new plant will pass the transgene to its
progeny through seed.
7
Biolistics
Consumer reports, Sept. 1999
8
Timeline
  • 1962 Murashige and Skoog invent tissue culture
    media that is very effective for tobacco and
    other plants
  • 1982 First stably transgenic plantmarker gene in
    tobacco
  • 1987 Gene gun invented.
  • 1994 Flavr Savr tomato commercialized
  • 1996 First wide-scale planting of soybean and
    corn
  • 2006 Billionth acre of transgenic crop planted
    somewhere in the world

9
Herbicide tolerant soybean
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Bt corn
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Bt cotton
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Progression of transgenic plants
  • 1st Generation Input traits (herbicide
    tolerance, insect resistance, etc.)
  • 2nd Generation Output traits (pharmaceuticals,
    enhanced nutrition, etc.)
  • 3rd Generation Non-ag (phytoremediation,
    sentinels, detectors)

15
Environmental benefitsHerbicide tolerant crops
have increased and encouraged no-till
agriculture less soil erosion.Over 1 million
gallons of unsprayed insecticide per year.
16
Dr. Norman BorlaugNobel Peace Prize 1970Father
of the Green Revolution1914-2009
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Figure 1.1. Global GM crop plantings in 2005 by
crop (base area 87.2 million ha). (Sources
Q3ISAAA, Canola Council of Canada, CropLife
Canada, USDA, CSIRO, ArgenBio.)
Figure 1.1
21
Figure 1.3. Global GM crop plantings by main
trait and crop 2005.
Figure 1.3
22
Figure 1.4. Global GM crop plantings 2005 by
country.
Figure 1.4
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Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ)
  • Assessment of pesticide active ingredient used
  • Assessment of the specific pesticides used
  • Provides environmental impacts of individual
    pesticides into
  • a single field value per hectare.
  • Balanced assessment of the impact of GM crops on
    the
  • environment
  • Includes key toxicity and environmental exposure
    data
  • related to individual products
  • applicable to impacts on farm workers
  • consumers and ecology
  • consistent and comprehensive measure of
    environmental
  • impact.

(Kovach et al. (1992)
28
EIQ example
  • The EIQ value is multiplied by the amount of
    pesticide active ingredient (ai) used per hectare
    to produce a field EIQ value.
  • For example, the EIQ rating for glyphosate is
    15.3. By using this rating multiplied by the
    amount of glyphosate used per hectare (eg, a
    hypothetical example of 1.1 kg applied per ha),
    the field EIQ value for glyphosate would be
    equivalent to 16.83/ha.
  • In comparison, the field EIQ/ha value for a
    commonly used herbicide on corn crops (atrazine)
    is 22.9/ha.

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Recap and answers
  • Plant biotechnology molecular manipulation of
    plants and cells.
  • What biotech crops are grown and where? Row crops
    soybean and corn for herbicide tolerance and
    insect resistance. US but also in 24 other
    countries.
  • Why do farmers grow transgenic crops? More
    efficient and effective better control of pests.
  • How has the adoption of plant biotechnology
    impacted the environment? Positiveless
    insecticides, less soil erosion.
  • What has been plant biotechs impact in the US
    and in developing countries? Changed row crop
    genetics in US and is making a difference in
    international agriculture.

35
ButGM crops not universally accepted and grown.
Why?
  • Misunderstandings
  • Politics
  • Immature regulatory structures
  • Consumer issues
  • Benefits unclear to consumers
  • Fear of unknown, risk perception
  • Science and education should help

36
Ordinary Tomatoes Do Not Contain Genes, while
Genetically Modified Ones Do
1996 - 1998
Source Tom Hoban
37
I eat organic food and drink only green tea
gallons of it when Im writing. I smoke
cigarettes, but organic ones
Discussing her healthy lifestyle in Organic
Style magazine March 2005.
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