Hopewell Culture National Historical Park

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Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
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(No Transcript)
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five archeological sites
more than 2,000 years old
more than 1,200 acres total
How well do you know Hopewell Culture?
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Hopewell Culture Trivia Bee
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior Hopewell Culture National Historical
Park 16062 State Route 104 Chillicothe, Ohio
45601-8694 [phone] Version 1.0 March
2007
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Click any number between 1 and 50
that has not been answered correctly already
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Hopewell Culture Trivia Bee
Notes
Replay Introduction
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Next Question?
Next Contestant?
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Ya sure, you betcha.
Next Question?
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Q1
Where did the Hopewell people get their name?
From a type of flint they used to make spear
points
From a local farm where artifacts were discovered
From evidence that they were optimistic and
friendly
9
Yes.
A1
The Hopewell are named for a farm once owned by
Captain Mordecai Cloud Hopewell, a Confederate
veteran of the Civil War. A great many artifacts
were excavated at Hopewells farm specifically
for display at the Columbian Exposition in
Chicago in 1892. To this day, since they left
behind no records or written language, we do not
know by what name the Hopewell called themselves.
Next Question?
10
Q2
What year did Mound City Group National Monument
become Hopewell Culture National Historical Park?
1982
1992
1972
11
Yes.
A2
Hopewell Culture NHP was established May 27,
1992 by a federal law that renamed Mound City
Group National Monument, expanded the Hopeton
Earthworks and authorized the acquisition of
three additional sites High Bank Works,
Hopewell Mound Group and Seip Earthworks.
Next Question?
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Q3
What kinds of tools did the Hopewell use to build
mounds?
Baskets, shells and sticks
Shovels, horses and carts
Heavy ropes and pulleys
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Yes.
A3
The Hopewell made their monumental earthworks
entirely by hand with only a few small tools that
they also designed and made by hand. They did not
have shovels, horses or carts outfitted with
wheels to make their work any easier or more
efficient for them.
Next Question?
14
Q4
According to one oral tradition, which indigenous
group built the mounds?
Delaware
Lenni Lenape
Alligewi
15
Yes.
A4
The tradition of the Lenni Lenape, or Delaware,
states that their true origins were in the west
and that when they traveled east across the
Mississippi they vanquished a mighty people who
had been the builders of the great mounds. This
group, known as the Alligewi, or Tallidewi, gave
their name to what we call the Allegheny
River. Source People of the Mounds Ohios
Hopewell Culture by Bradley T. Lepper (Hopewell
Culture National Historical Park and Eastern
National Park and Monument Association, 1995)
Next Question?
16
Q5
Whats the biggest political distinction between
Hopewell earthworks and the monuments of Egypt?
Egyptians monuments were built by slave labor
Hopewell children could earn the right to vote
The pyramids werent accessible to common people
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Yes.
A5
All of the effort that went into constructing
the earthworks of the Middle Woodland period
appears to have been provided at the consent of
its people. Although the Hopewell probably had
leaders of some considerable power and influence
there is no evidence, such as consistent patterns
in burial practices, that their leaders inherited
political power after the manner of kings or
pharaohs. Source People of the Mounds Ohios
Hopewell Culture by Bradley T. Lepper (Hopewell
Culture National Historical Park and Eastern
National Park and Monument Association, 1995)
Next Question?
18
Q6
What year did it become an official violation of
park rules to walk on top of the earthworks at
Mound City?
1986
2006
1956
19
Yes.
A6
Superintendent Ken Apschnikat issued a first
compendium of orders for the park in 1986. The
mounds and earth walls were closed to foot
traffic to prevent erosion. Recreational pursuits
were restricted to reduce potential for
accidents, to avoid disturbances and to preserve
the dignity of a prehistoric burial
area. Source Amidst Ancient Monuments The
Administrative History of Mound City Group
National Monument/Hopewell Culture National
Historical Park Ohio by Ron Cockrell (National
Park Service, 1999)
Next Question?
20
Q7
Of the five separate archeological sites
preserved as part of this national park, which is
the oldest?
Hopewell Mound Group
Mound City Group
Seip Earthworks
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Yes.
A7
Based on published radiocarbon dates or artifact
typology, the order and approximate age of the
parks five archeological sites are Mound
City Group (2,200-1,750 BP) Hopewell Mound Group
(2,100-1,600 BP) High Bank Works (2,050-1,700
BP) Hopeton Works (2,000-1,850 BP) Seip
Earthworks (1,800-1,600 BP) Source Ohio
Archeology An Illustrated Chronicle of Ohios
Ancient American Indian Cultures by Bradley T.
Lepper (Voyageur Media Group, 2005)
Next Question?
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Q8
What modern agricultural staple was tremendously
rare in Hopewell gardens?
Beans
Tobacco
Corn
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Yes.
A8
Corn, or maize, was originally a wild Mexican
grass that came to fuel the great civilizations
of Mesoamerica. It was only very rarely
cultivated in Hopewell gardens, however. One
theory, known as the Maize Debate, suggests
that the transition to a sedentary, corn-based
agricultural society may have signaled the end of
the Hopewell era. Source People of the Mounds
Ohios Hopewell Culture by Bradley T. Lepper
(Hopewell Culture National Historical Park and
Eastern National Park and Monument Association,
1995)
Next Question?
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Q9
Whats a Hopewell Interaction Sphere?
A technical name for their version of a soccer
ball
A secluded, sacred space for religious rituals
A region within which ideas or objects are
exchanged
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Yes.
A9
Interaction spheres exist when independent
societies exchange goods or information. For the
Hopewell, it stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to
the Rocky Mountains and the Upper Great Lakes to
the Gulf of Mexico. Theyre not merely trade
networks since little evidence of exchanged
crafts or materials from Ohio have been
discovered in these distant places. Source Ohio
Archeology An Illustrated Chronicle of Ohios
Ancient American Indian Cultures, by Bradley
T. Lepper (Voyageur Media Group, 2005)
Next Question?
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Q10
In 1990, this park had the dubious distinction of
being the very last in America to do what?
Remove human remains from public display
Adopt EPA pesticide control measures
Commemorate veterans of World War I
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Yes.
A10
Human ashes that had been exhibited in a
cremation pit display in the park museum were
replaced in 1990 with clean sand. Six years
later, in 1996, the park closed a separate
exhibit known as the Mica Grave. First
constructed in 1965, this building had allowed
visitors to view artifacts and objects inside
Mound 13 just beyond the entrance to the mound
area. Source Amidst Ancient Monuments The
Administrative History of Mound City Group
National Monument/Hopewell Culture National
Historical Park Ohio by Ron Cockrell (National
Park Service, 1999)
Next Question?
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Q11
How many years ago did hunters and explorers
first begin to settle this part of eastern North
America?
2,500
11,500
6,500
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Yes.
A11a
While the Hopewell lived 2,000 years ago, the
area was first settled almost 10,000 years
earlier Ohio, in particular, must have
been a Paleoindian paradise. It was rich country
during the closing phases of the Ice Age. The
environment was a mosaic of different kinds of
forest and prairie, with a smorgasbord of
resources from upland groves of nut trees to
wetlands filled with waterfowl
Continued
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A11b
In addition to deer and beaver, there also
were herds of caribou and musk oxen, mastodons,
mammoths and giant ground sloths, as well as
predators such as the saber-tooth cat, the short
face bear, wolves and mountain lions. Source
Ohio Archeology An Illustrated Chronicle of
Ohios Ancient American Indian Cultures by
Bradley T. Lepper (Voyageur Media Group, 2005)
Next Question?
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Q12
What was the Hopewells best hunting tool?
Bow arrow
A spear-throwing device called Atlatl
Deadly poison brewed from native plants
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Yes.
A12a
Since they lived many centuries before the local
advent of the bow and arrow, the Hopewell used
the spear and atlatl, pronounced at-ul-at-ul, a
name derived from the Aztecs of Central
America. Functioning as an extension of the
thrower's arm, much like a flexing catapult, the
device propels a spear in an overhand or side
motion with far greater force.
Continued
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A12b
The oldest atlatls in the world date back more
than 25,000 years to northwest Africa. Immigran
ts from Siberia likely brought the atlatl to
North America about 12,000 years ago.
Next Question?
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Q13
How many different times was this park targeted
for disestablishment while it was known as
Mound City Group National Monument?
3
4
2
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Yes.
A13
Prior to its expansion and name change in 1992,
the park survived four separate efforts to
disestablish it either to help streamline the
larger agency or due to a perceived lack of
significance. Interior Secretary Harold Ickes
actually approved a transfer of ownership to the
state in 1937. Ultimately, all four attempts were
stopped by opposition of citizens and local
elected officials. Source Amidst Ancient
Monuments The Administrative History of Mound
City Group National Monument/Hopewell Culture
National Historical Park Ohio by Ron
Cockrell (National Park Service, 1999)
Next Question?
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Q14
How many artifacts and documents are conserved in
the parks repository?
14,800
1,480
148,000
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Q15
How much more energy, adjusted by weight, does it
take a mammal to run the same distance a bird can
fly?
5 times
10 times
3 times
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Yes.
A15
This might be one reason why mammals with the
notable exceptions of caribou, bats and gray
whales arent known to migrate as often or as
far as other creatures. Source Life in the
Cold An Introduction to Winter Ecology by Peter
J. Marchand (University Press of New England,
1987)
Next Question?
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Q16
Whats that green stuff on some of the artifacts
in the park museum?
Curators preservative
Decaying decorative paint
Natural oxidation
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A16
Yes.
The green patina on copper objects is due to
oxidation of the metal. Salts from the aging
copper have preserved traces of woven fabric,
animal skin, feathers and plant fibers, offering
clues to ways that some of the objects were used.
Next Question?
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Q17
Which science specifically studies evidence of
past human activity?
Archeology
Paleontology
Dendrochronology
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Yes.
A17
Paleontology is a study of fossils, including
the relics of dinosaurs. Dendrochronology is the
study of tree rings to date past
events. Archeology explores and describes human
cultures by what they leave behind.
Next Question?
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Q18
How many bones make up a complete human skeleton?
260
602
206
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Q19
What proof do we have that the Hopewell possessed
advanced design and surveying skills?
They left behind elaborate drawings and blueprints
Sites built miles apart share alignments
dimensions
By accounts passed down through other cultures
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Yes.
A19a
Of all the geometric enclosures the Hopewell
built, only two feature circles joined to
octagons. One, known as High Bank Works, is
preserved as a site within this national park
outside Chillicothe. Its sister site, now known
as Octagon State Memorial, is located in Newark,
Ohio. The alignments of these two large
monuments are oriented precisely perpendicular to
each other even though they are more than 50
miles apart.
Continued
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A19b
The dimensions of the two circles are identical
and match that of yet a third site in
Circleville, Ohio which once featured two vast
concentric earthworks. The size of the outer
concentric circle at Circleville also happens to
be the same as a structure at the Newark complex
known as the Great Circle. Source People of
the Mounds Ohios Hopewell Culture by Bradley T.
Lepper (Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
and Eastern National Park and Monument
Association, 1995)
Next Question?
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Q20
In 2006, how many recreation visits were recorded
for all national parks?
72,000,000
272,000,000
727,000,000
48
Yes.
A20a
Overall, there were just over 272 million visits
to all parks in 2006, about the same as
2005. The top 10 visited units were 1) Blue
Ridge Parkway 2) Golden Gate NRA 3) Great Smoky
Mountains NP 4) Gateway NRA 5) Lake Mead NRA
6) George Washington MP 7) Natchez Trace
Parkway 8) Delaware Water Gap NRA 9) Cape Cod
NS 10) Grand Canyon NP.
Continued
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A20b
All told, with 15,000 permanent and 5,000
seasonal workers, the NPS manages more than 80
million acres of land in 49 states, Puerto Rico,
Guam and the Virgin Islands. Source Public
Use Statistics Office, National Park
Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
Next Question?
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Q21
Whats a beamer?
A bone tool used to scrape hides
A structural element in buildings
A hunting club used to dispatch prey
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Q22
What is the largest number of distinct cremation
remains that have been discovered inside any
single mound at Mound City?
20
150
13
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Yes.
A22
The cremated remains of as many as 99 different
people have been discovered inside the 23 mounds
of Mound City. Twenty were found in Mound 13, a
moderate-sized feature once known as the Mica
Grave. By contrast, Mound 3, one of the largest
at 140 feet long, 60 feet wide and 11 feet tall,
held as few as four sets of cremation remains.
Next Question?
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Q23
Whats midden?
A nutritious meal of ground nuts and seeds
A decoration worn about the waist
Community waste, trash or garbage
54
A23
Yes.
Archeologists can learn a great deal about a
culture by excavating its trash. Small slivers of
animal bones, seed hulls, craft scraps and
charcoal from cooking fires all can provide very
precise information about the life and economy of
past people. Source Expeditions into Ohios
Past An Integrated Curriculum for Grades 3-5
(Hopwell Culture NHP, 2005)
Next Question?
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Q24
Whats the best thing you can do for someone with
a snake bite?
Cut an X through the wound and suck out the
venom
Keep them calm, wash with soap and rinse
thoroughly
Apply a tourniquet as fast and firmly as possible
56
Yes.
A24
The aim is to prevent poison spreading through
the body. Reassure the victim. Make them relax,
resting with the bitten area lower than the
heart. ... Place the wound in cool water a
stream for instance. Use ice if available to keep
as cool as possible. The casualty will almost
certainly need treatment for shock and may
require artificial respiration. Keep a check on
breathing. Source SAS Survival Handbook by
John Lofty Wiseman (HarperCollins Publishers,
2004)
Next Question?
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Q25
How many acres in size was this park originally?

57
1,200
17
58
A25
Yes.
In March 1923, President Warren G. Harding
proclaimed 57 acres along the Scioto River to be
Mound City Group National Monument. In the years
since four other significant archeological sites
have been added and preserved nearby for a
current total size of more than 1,200 acres.
Next Question?
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Q26
Whats the main trait of the Intrusive Mound
Culture?
They altered earthworks to claim credit for them
They readily looted the graves of their enemies
They buried their dead inside existing mounds
60
Yes.
A26
In the late woodland period, the Intrusive Mound
Culture occupied the Scioto Valley after the
decline of the Hopewell and before the advent of
the Fort Ancient. At Mound City alone,
archeologists discovered as many as 15 intrusive
burials within the earthworks. Source Indian
Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley by Susan L.
Woodward and Jerry McDonald (McDonald Woodward
Publishing, 2001)
Next Question?
61
Q27
There are now about 390 units in the National
Park Service. How many different park types or
designations are there?
20
27
7
62
Yes.
A27a
The titles of NPS unit designations are rooted
in administrative and legislative history, with
differences reflecting changes in fashion as much
as distinctions in character or management
policy. Regardless of nomenclature, all units can
be referred to generically as parks. Source
The National Parks Shaping the System, by Barry
Mackintosh, 1991, revised by Harpers Ferry
Center, 2005
Next Question?
See list of 27 NPS designations
63
A27b
IHS International Historic Site NB National
Battlefield NBP National Battlefield Park NBS
National Battlefield Site NHP National Historical
Park NHP PRES National Historical Park
Preserve NH RES National Historical Reserve NHS
National Historical Site NL National Lakeshore NM
National Monument
Next Question?
Continue List
64
A27c
NM PRES National Monument Preserve N MEM
National Memorial NMP National Military Park NP
National Park NP National Historical Park NP
PRES National Park Preserve N PRES National
Preserve NR National River NRA National
Recreation Area NRRA National River Recreation
Area
Next Question?
Continue List
65
A27d
N RES National Reserve NS National Seashore NSR
National Scenic River/Riverway NST National
Scenic Trail PKWY Parkway SRR Scenic and
Recreational River WR Wild River WSR Wild and
Scenic River
Next Question?
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Q28
Whats a borrow pit?
An open hole that yields dirt to build mounds
A place to store community property
A space designated for commodities trading
67
Q29
In prehistory, what was the most important means
of transportation?
Deer trails
Ceremonial roads
Rivers and streams
68
Q30
What year did the federal government first
establish a military foothold near and among
these ancient earthworks?
1861
1917
1812
69
Yes.
A30
Troops were first mobilized nearby at Camp
Bull during the War of 1812, then also at a
drill ground called Camp Logan during the Civil
War in 1861, and again in 1917 during World War I
when much of the valley became a U.S. Army
training base called Camp Sherman.
Next Question?
70
Q31
What general shape was the floor plan of most
Hopewell homes?
Circle
Square
Rectangle
71
Yes.
A31
Hopewell houses generally were squarish
structures made from logs set upright in the
ground. The logs were then interlaced with twigs
and covered with bark or plastered with mud mixed
with grass. They were usually 20 to 30 ft on a
side and may have been roofed with thatch, reeds
or bark. Source Ohio Archeology An
Illustrated Chronicle of Ohios Ancient American
Indian Cultures, by Bradley T. Lepper (Voyageur
Media Group, 2005)
Next Question?
72
Q32
Just how fast can a grizzly bear run?
30 mph
43 mph
13 mph
73
Yes.
A32
A grizzly bear can charge at speeds of more than
30 mph, or 44 feet per second. By comparison, an
Olympic sprinter, a human being capable of
running a hundred meter dash in ten seconds flat,
travels at only about 33 feet per second.
Source Bear Attacks Their Causes and
Avoidance by Stephen Herrero (The Lyons Press,
Revised 2002)
Next Question?
74
Q33
How many feet tall was the biggest mound the
Hopewell ever built?
33
38
17½
75
Yes. (Well accept either 33 or 38 feet.)
A33
In 1848, archeologists Ephraim Squier and Edwin
Davis described a great D-shaped enclosure of
seven mounds, the largest of which was 38 feet
tall, at a site now known as the Hopewell Mound
Group. In 1891, Warren Moorehead estimated the
size of this same cluster to be more than 500
feet long, 180 feet wide and 33 feet tall. At
either height, it would have been about twice the
size of the tallest earthwork at Mound City.
Next Question?
76
How did the Hopewell make open clearings in the
forest for new gardens and earthworks?
Q34
By pealing bark around the base of trees
With primitive hand saws made of copper
Encouraging insect and termite infestations
77
Yes.
A34
This girdling of the trees killed them and,
after a year or two, they would be dried up hulks
easier to burn and chop down. The charred stumps
and many of the largest trunks were left to rot,
and farmers would sow their crops around them. A
sharpened stick was the only plow the Hopewell
farmers used. This kind of farming is called
slash and burn or swidden horticulture. Sour
ce Ohio Archeology An Illustrated Chronicle of
Ohios Ancient American Indian Cultures, by
Bradley T. Lepper (Voyageur Media Group, 2005)
Next Question?
78
Q35
Whats a hamlet?
A stage play by William Shakespeare
Development beyond a set boundary
A small village of extended families
79
Yes.
A35
While archeologists have found and studied only
a few Hopewell habitation sites, evidence
suggests that their communities were
small. Perhaps only one or a few extended
families lived in each hamlet. Some of these
villages may have been more like farmsteads where
a family settled for only a few years at a
time. Source People of the Mounds Ohios
Hopewell Culture by Bradley T. Lepper (Hopewell
Culture National Historical Park and Eastern
National Park and Monument Association, 1995)
Next Question?
80
Q36
Whats happening with a forest fire that spews
black smoke?
It is saturated with unburned fuel
It is burning over coal or oil deposits
A new weather system is approaching
81
Yes.
A36
Black smoke is a result of incomplete
combustion. A wildfire that generates little or
no smoke means that it is burning material
completely. White smoke comes from material with
high moisture content. Orange smoke is an
indication of a wildfire that has reached a very
high temperature.
Next Question?
82
Q37
Many exotic materials have been discovered inside
the mounds. Which came the farthest distance?
Mica and copper
Shells and shark teeth
Obsidian and elk teeth
83
A37
Yes.
Scientists have determined that obsidian, a type
of black volcanic glass, and elk teeth discovered
at Mound City actually originated way off west in
the Rocky Mountains. Also found here have been
shark teeth from Chesapeake Bay, shells from the
Gulf of Mexico, mica from the Blue Ridge
Mountains of North Carolina, and copper ore from
the northern shores of Lake Superior.
Next Question?
84
Q38
Which group did Thomas Jefferson come to believe
built the mounds?
American Indians
A race of master builders
The Lost Tribes of Israel
85
Yes.
A38
Jefferson, who systematically excavated a mound
in Virginia to learn about American Indian burial
practices, is credited with the first scientific
archeological excavation in the United States.
Other leading thinkers of the day preferred to
attribute the earthworks to lost races of
Vikings, Greeks, Persians, Hindus, Phoenicians,
emigrants from Atlantis or the Lost Tribes of
Israel. Source Indian Mounds of the Middle
Ohio Valley by Susan L. Woodward and Jerry
McDonald (McDonald Woodward Publishing, 2001)
Next Question?
86
Q39
How much total area is enclosed within the
earthen embankment at Mound City?
15.6 acres
13 acres
17 acres
87
Yes.
A39
Using GPS technology, Dr. Jarrod Burks recently
recalculated the size of the enclosure at Mound
City to be 15.6 acres about 1.2 times larger
than a 13-acre measurement archeologists first
published in 1848. The total length of the
earthen embankment, which ranges from 2½ to 3
feet tall, is listed as 2,050 feet. Source
Remapping the Past Mound City and the Hopeton
Works, by Dr. Jarrod Burks, Hopewell Happenings
(park newsletter), 2006 and Indian Mounds of the
Middle Ohio Valley by Susan L. Woodward and Jerry
McDonald (McDonald Woodward Publishing, 2001)
Next Question?
88
Q40
Whats an artifact?
An object with documented provenance
All objects formally collected conserved
Any object made by human hands
89
Q41
In 1848, two local archeologists rendered maps
and descriptions of earthworks for the very first
book ever published by
The Smithsonian Institution
The Library of Congress
The British Museum in London
90
A41
Yes.
The book, entitled Ancient Monuments of the
Mississippi Valley, was written by Ephraim G.
Squier, a local newspaper editor, and Edwin H.
Davis, a physician.
Next Question?
91
Q42
Whats an effigy?
A gardening tool the Hopewell invented
Any representation of a person or animal
A scapegoat or convenient target to take blame
92
Yes.
A42
Hopewell art included frequent depictions of
various animals, but most especially deer, bear
and assorted birds. There are representations of
Hopewell shamans wearing deer antler headdresses
and bear skins. Certainly the white-tailed deer
was by far the most important game animal hunted
by the Hopewell people and it may have been as
revered as the bison was by the Native peoples of
the Plains. Source Ohio Archeology An
Illustrated Chronicle of Ohios Ancient American
Indian Cultures, by Bradley T. Lepper (Voyageur
Media Group, 2005)
Next Question?
93
Q43
How many people visit this national park each
year?
43,000
29,000
86,000
94
Yes.
A43
Official visitation was 42,697 in 2004, a 10.29
percent increase from the prior year. The lowest
annual attendance on record was 29,000 in 1960.
The park reported its One-Millionth Visitor
in 1969. Source Public Use Statistics Office,
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior and Amidst Ancient Monuments The
Administrative History of Mound City Group
National Monument/Hopewell Culture National
Historical Park Ohio by Ron Cockrell (National
Park Service, 1999)
Next Question?
95
Q44
What happens at a killing ceremony?
An animal is ritually sacrificed upon an altar
Hunters dance to purify weapons, traps tactics
Material objects are broken burned
96
Yes.
A44
Aside from the possible practical purpose of
discouraging prospective looters and grave
robbers, the act of breaking and burning material
items as part of a cremation ritual may have been
viewed as means to release the power or spiritual
essence of the objects. Source Exploration of
the Mound City Group by William C. Mills (Ohio
Archaeological and Historical Society, 1922).
Next Question?
97
Q45
How much trouble can you make for yourself by
collecting or disturbing archeological artifacts
on federal land?
None if its only for your personal use
Lifetime ban from national parks and forests
Six figure fines and years in federal prison
98
Yes.
A45
The Archeological Resource Protection Act of
1979 established federal criminal penalties for
unauthorized excavation, removal, damage,
alteration, or defacement of archeological
resources, or trafficking archeological resources
obtained in violation of federal, state, or local
law. ARPA violations can carry up to a year in
jail and 100,000 fine for misdemeanor
convictions and up to two years in jail and a
250,000 fine

for felony convictions.
Next Question?
99
Q46
Which agency administered Mound City after it
became a national monument in 1923?
The National Park Service
The U.S. War Department
The Ohio State Archeological Historical Society
100
Yes.
A46
Just 25 days after it was proclaimed a national
monument in 1923, the OSAHS was granted a
revocable license to preserve and protect the
historic mounds. In 1946, after 22 years, the
license was canceled because it appeared that the
site was being managed primarily as a recreation
and picnic area. Source Amidst Ancient
Monuments The Administrative History of Mound
City Group National Monument/Hopewell Culture
National Historical Park Ohio by Ron
Cockrell (National Park Service, 1999)
Next Question?
101
Q47
Whats the universal distress signal or SOS in
Morse Code using flashing lights or sound bursts?
1 short, 1 long, 1 short
2 short, 2 long, 2 short
3 short, 3 long, 3 short
102
Q48
Whats a platform pipe?
Tiles used to channel storm water
An element of construction scaffolding
A smoking implement unique to the Hopewell
103
Yes.
A48
Platform pipes were made in a variety of sizes,
bowl and platform shapes and decorative themes,
including effigies of animals and people. Pipes
probably played a large role in Hopewell
ceremonies. It is not known what types of plants
the Hopewell used as smoking material. Later
tribes in this area used dogwood bark, sumac,
tobacco leaves and other native plants.
Next Question?
104
Q49
What fraction of an ounce does one mosquito weigh?
1/ 250
1/ 25,000
1/ 2,500
105
Yes.
A49
Since it takes as many as 25,000 mosquitoes to
make a single ounce, imagine how many a bat must
catch to make a meal. Yet a female mosquito can
drink several times her own weight in blood in
less than 90 seconds. If it takes longer, the
saliva she injects into her host can trigger an
allergic reaction that causes itching. Source
Mosquitoes by Dorothy Hinshaw Patent (Holiday
House Books, 1986)
Next Question?
106
Q50
About how many earthworks did the Hopewell build
all told in the vicinity of Ross County, Ohio?
50
500
5
107
Yes.
A50
Ross County, Ohio is believed to have been the
epicenter of cultural life for the Hopewell. More
than 500 earthworks may have existed here at one
time. The vast majority have long since been
destroyed by looting, agricultural practices and
development.
Next Question?
108
Notes
As an interpretive tool, this Hopewell Culture
Trivia Bee isnt intended to be a formal
educational product as much as a means to inspire
lasting interest and curiosity about the parks
resources. With 50 questions all told, the game
presents 20 questions about archeology 12
questions about the Hopewell and their way of
life ten questions about the park and its
distinct history six questions about natural
resources and outdoor safety and two questions
about the larger National Park Service.
Continued
109
This first version of the Trivia Bee is
purposefully non-competitive. It doesnt keep
score or track mistakes. But that doesnt
preclude players from making up their own way of
determining winners and losers. It can be played
alone or as a group activity, especially if
large-screen projection equipment is
available. A separate, printable tally sheet is
provided so that players can keep track of
questions that they have already answered
correctly.
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Acknowledgements
110
Acknowledgements
Early maps drawings of earthworks ANCIENT
MONUMENTS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY by Ephraim
Squier Edwin Davis (Smithsonian Institution,
1848) Photograph of ceramic duck
pot MICHAEL BITSKO (NPS) Photograph of Mound
City Group JOE MURRAY
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