History of Architecture

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History of Architecture

• From Greece to the 21st Century

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American architect Ludwig Rohe rightly said
Architecture is the will of an epoch translated
into space.
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Ancient Greece

• The Parthenon is a temple of the Greek goddess
  Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the
  Athenian Acropolis. It is the most important
  surviving building of Classical Greece, generally
  considered to be the culmination of the
  development of the Doric order. Its decorative
  sculptures are considered one of the high points
  of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an
  enduring symbol of ancient Greece and of Athenian
  democracy, and one of the world's greatest
  cultural monuments.

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Greek Orders
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Roman Architecture

• Rounded Arches replaced the post and Lintel
  system.
• Use of concrete
• Use of Barrel Arches

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Examples of Important Roman Architecture
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Key Terms

• Rounded Arch
• Barrel Vault
• Pilasters
• Coffers

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Early Christian and Byzantine Art

• Earliest art forms found in the catacombs,
  underground passageways.
• Basilicas were built throughout the Roman Empire
  to accommodate the large numbers of Christian
  worshipers.
• Technical advances from Roman architecture made
  making larger structures possible.
• Christian churches were seen as retreats from the
  real world as a spiritual experience seen in
  these churches.

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Plain Exterior but Ornate Interior

• The Basilica was design with a large central
  aisle called a nave. At the end, there was a
  semi-circular area called the apse.

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Sant Apollinare in Classe. Ravenna, Italy AD
533-49
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Mosaics

• http//www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/ravenna-s
  ant-apollinare-classe-photos/index.htm

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Byzantine Architecture

• Hagia Sophia built sixth century AD by the
  emperor Justinian.
• Considered the greatest centrally planned
  churches.
• Hagia Sophia is a former patriarchal basilica,
  later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey.
  Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is
  considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture.
  It was the largest cathedral ever built in the
  world for nearly a thousand years, until the
  completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The
  current building was originally constructed as a
  church between A.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of
  the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact
  the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the
  site (the previous two had both been destroyed by
  riots). It was designed by two architects,
  Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. The
  Church contained a large collection of holy
  relics and featured, among other things, a 50
  foot (15 m) silver iconostasis. It was the
  patriarchal church of the Patriarch of
  Constantinople and the religious focal point of
  the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly 1000 years.

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Hagia Sophias dome rests on four hug piers,
massive vertical pillars, that support arches
made of cut stone.
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Islamic Architecture
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Romanesque Architecture

• 11th-12th Century
• Combining features of contemporary Western Roman
  and Byzantine buildings, Romanesque architecture
  is known by its massive quality, its thick walls,
  round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large
  towers and decorative arcading. Each building has
  clearly defined forms and they are frequently of
  very regular, symmetrical plan so that the
  overall appearance is one of simplicity when
  compared with the Gothic buildings that were to
  follow. The style can be identified right across
  Europe, despite regional characteristics and
  different materials.

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Groin Vaults

• A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes
  known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is
  produced by the intersection at right angles of
  two barrel vaults. The word groin refers to the
  edge between the intersecting vaults cf. ribbed
  vault. Sometimes the arches of groin vaults are
  pointed instead of round. In comparison with a
  barrel vault, a groin vault provides good
  economies of material and labour. The thrust is
  concentrated along the groins or arrises (the
  four diagonal edges formed along the points where
  the barrel vaults intersect), so the vault need
  only be abutted at its four corners.

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Examples of Romanesque Architecture
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Gothic Art

• 13th and 14th Century
• Gothic is a term used to identify a period that
  began around the middle of the 12th century and
  lasted to the end of the 15th century and in some
  places, the 16th century.
• Romanesque style paved the way to the Gothic
  style

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Gothic Art

• Pointed arches rather than rounded arches
• Use of flying buttresses
• A buttress is a support or brace that counteracts
  the outward thrust of an arch or vault

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Flying Buttreess

• Flying Buttress is a support structure that
  reach the side aisles of the church that created
  a thrust-counterthrust system that supports the
  ceiling.

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Stain Glass

• Many stories of bible, Jesus, the Virgin Mary,
  etc. Colored Illuminations
• Size- huge areas in cathedrals were dedicated to
  these windows.
• Color-artisans added minerals to the glass while
  it was molten to color the glass
• Design-small pieces of stained glass were joined
  with lead-strips and reinforced with iron bars.

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