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Title: The Age of Discovery was a time of systematic discovery of:


1
  • The Age of Discovery was a time of systematic
    discovery of
  • 1. New lands
  • 2. New trade routes
  • 3. Improved trade routes to lands that were
    already known.

2
  • During the Age of Discovery everyone except the
    ships officers lived on the deck of their ships.
  • Food rotted within days and lice and maggots
    filled the ship.

3
  • Diets at sea were extremely poor.
  • Sailors typically ate tough dried meat and flat
    bread crawling with bugs.

4
  • Sailors drank wine almost constantly to relieve
    the boredom and to deaden the pain of disease.

5
  • During the early days of the Age of
  • Discovery Europe, Asia, and Africa had
  • some interaction with one another but
  • this meant very little to the daily lives
  • of most Europeans.
  • This began to change around 1450 as
  • the Age of Discovery exposed
  • Europeans to the goods and ideas of the
  • rest of the world.

6
  • The basic motives during the Age of Discovery
    were
  • God
  • Gold
  • Glory

7
  • The explorers knew little of what they might
    find, but NEARLY ALL educated people believed
    that the world was round and that there was
    little risk of falling off the earth.

8
  • In the early years of the Age of Exploration the
    primary goal of most explorers was to find new
    trade routes to Asia in hopes of avoiding having
    to pay Italian merchants for the products from
    Asia.

9
The growing reliance upon an economy based upon
gold and silver further increased the desire to
trade with others.
10
  • Spices were vital products during this era as
    they not only added flavor to foods but also
    served as preservatives.

11
  • Europeans believed it was their vital duty to
    spread Christianity to the non-Christians found
    throughout the world.

12
  • New improvements in sailing also helped inspire
    the Age of Discovery.

13
  • These included
  • The introduction of the magnetic compass which
    greatly aided sailors in the open seas.
  • The invention of the concepts of latitude and
    longitude which greatly assisted in providing
    exact location.
  • The invention of the lanteen sail that allowed
    ships to sail against the wind.
  • The creation of a maritime tradition which
    greatly increased interest in a seafaring
    lifestyle.

14
  • Despite these advances sailors still had only
    about a 50 chance of survival on any given
    voyage.
  • Deaths at sea were typically the result of
    illness, poor diets, and the lack of fresh fruits
    and vegetables.
  • Many died of scurvy which is caused by the lack
    of vitamin C.

15
  • The primary reasons that the people of India,
    China and Arabic Empires did not become involved
    in their new Age of Discovery were
  • These regions felt that their cultures were
    superior to those of the rest of the world and
    could benefit little from other cultures.
  • They generally felt little need to spread their
    cultures or religions.

16
  • The Age of Discovery began around 1450 and ended
    around 1700. During this time Europeans went from
    knowing very little about their world to having
    explored nearly every major region of the world.

17
  • The Age of Discovery proved that with patience,
    courage, technology and money people could
    explore every major region of the world.

18
  • Portugal and Spain were the leaders in this
    European search of the world.

19
  • One of the most outstanding figures during this
    Age was an Italian explorer named Christopher
    Columbus.
  • Columbus spent six years seeking support from any
    country that would be willing to back him.
  • The cost of his ideas and his demand to receive a
    large share of the profits made it difficult for
    him to find supporters.

20
  • In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain agreed to
    support his efforts, but only agreed to provide
    him with three ships and required him to select
    his crew from a Spanish prison.

21
  • The three ships used by Columbus on his first
    voyage were
  • The Nina
  • The Pinta (His favorite ship and the first to
    sight land.)
  • The Santa Maria (This was his flag ship)

22
  • After two months at sea, Columbus finally landed
    on an island in the Caribbean Sea on October 12,
    1492.
  • He named the island San Salvador.
  • The islands that he explored on this first voyage
    are known as the West Indies because he thought
    that he was along the west coast of India and the
    he would soon reach the mainland of Asia.

23
  • Columbus made a total of four trips to the New
    World.
  • He died in 1506 still thinking that he had
    reached Asia and frustrated at never finding the
    wealth that he had hoped to find.

24
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25
  • The voyages made by Columbus were very dangerous.
  • During this era, the primary ships were small,
    fast sailing vessels called caravels. These ships
    were approximately 67 feet long and 21 feet wide.
  • The crew consisted of farmers, miners, a priest,
    and several people who had been convicted of
    murder.
  • The food consisted of biscuits, fatback pork and
    beans heavily seasoned with garlic.

26
  • The crew became very disgruntled as the first
    journey continued.
  • There were threats of a mutiny and Columbus even
    had to forge several records in an effort to keep
    the crew believing that they were still
    relatively close to Spain.

27
  • Despite Columbuss discovery, the New World was
    not named for him.
  • It was named for an Italian explorer named
    Amerigo Vespucci who explored the coast of South
    America and proved that it was a separate
    continent from Asia.

28
  • The success of Columbus owed much to the time
    that he had served in Portugal.
  • Portugal had an excellent school for sailors
    which had been created by Prince Henry the
    Navigator.

29
  • Prince Henrys school was one of the first and
    finest schools for sailors in Europe.
  • The school taught
  • Navigation
  • Map making
  • The concepts of latitude and longitude
  • Sailing skills

30
  • The Portuguese sailors were the first to find an
    all water route from Europe to Asia.

31
  • In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz of Portugal became the
    first person to sail around the southern tip of
    Africa.
  • He named this southern point, The Cape of Good
    Hope.

32
  • In 1498 Vasco da Gama of Portugal became the
    first person to sail from Europe to India.
  • Da Gama had been sent on this trip to break the
    Arab merchants monopoly on the spice trade.

33
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34
  • In 1519 the Portuguese ship called the Victoria
    captained by Ferdinand Magellan was the first to
    circumnavigate the world.
  • Magellan did not survive this voyage. He was
    killed in the Philippines.
  • However, his ship led by Captain del Cano
    completed the voyage in 1526.
  • The 42,000 mile voyage had started with five
    ships and 280 men and ended seven years later
    with one ship and only 18 men.

35
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36
  • Wherever Portuguese explorers went traders
    followed. They graded guns, cotton, and knives.
    In exchange they received gold, silver, spices,
    and silk.
  • When the Portuguese encountered resistance to
    their trading practices, they simply used their
    superior weapons to take whatever they wanted.

37
  • To avoid a conflict between Spain and Portugal
    over the control of the newly discovered lands,
    Pope Alexander VI created a Line of Demarcation
    separating the non-Christian world between the
    two nations.

38
  • Pope Alexander VI drew an imaginary line from the
    North Pole to the South Pole about 300 miles west
    of the Azore Islands.
  • The lands to the west of the line belonged to
    Spain and the lands to the east belonged to
    Portugal.

39
  • Portugal disliked this agreement and threatened
    war.
  • In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas was created.
  • This Treaty moved the Line of Demarcation to 46
    west Longitude extending Portugals territory to
    include a small part of the New World in the
    lands that became known as Brazil.
  • As a result of this treaty, Brazil is the only
    South American nation whose national language is
    Portuguese.

40
  • Spain won its empire in the New World through a
    system of brutal military conquests led by
    warriors known as Conquistadors.

41
  • The Spanish explorers were often viewed as
    deities by the natives of Central America.

42
  • Spains first colonies in the New World were on
    the islands of the Caribbean.
  • Cuba was the most important of these early
    colonies.

43
  • In 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus
    of Panama and became the first European to see
    the eastern shore of the Pacific.

44
  • The first Europeans in the lands that would
    become the United States were led by Ponce De
    Leon.
  • De Leon discovered Florida and named the area.
  • He explored the area searching for the Fountain
    of Youth.
  • De Leon also attempted to establish a permanent
    colony on Florida but this was never truly
    successful.

45
  • In 1565 the Spanish established the first
    permanent colony in the lands of what would
    become the United States.
  • They named this colony St. Augustine.
  • St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest, continually
    inhabited city in the United States.

46
  • One of the most successful of the Spanish
    Conquistadors was Hernan Cortez.
  • Cortez is best known for conquering the Aztecs.

47
  • Cortez was able to conquer a nation of 10,000,000
    Aztecs with a forces of only 600 men who arrived
    in Mexico with only 11 ships.

48
  • The Aztec capital was named Tenochtitlan.

49
  • Cortez was able to achieve victory due to
  • an alliance with the many Indians which had been
    forced into submission by the Aztecs.
  • the Aztec belief that he was a long lost god that
    had returned to their lands.
  • disease

50
  • The Aztecs offered gold and silver to Cortez in
    an effort to please their newly returned deity.
  • However, this merely encouraged the greed among
    the Spanish and within only two years they had
    completely destroyed the Aztec Empire.

51
  • In South America Francisco Pizarro destroyed the
    Inca Empire in much the same manner that Cortez
    destroyed the Aztecs.

52
  • The Incas were the richest Indians in South
    America.
  • Their conquest by Pizarro helped to greatly
    increase Spanish power.

53
  • The Inca ruler, Atahualpa, attempted to befriend
    Pizarro but he was taken captive and held for a
    ransom of a room full of gold.
  • The Inca paid the ransom which was in excess of
    15 million.
  • Pizarro simply took this wealth and then killed
    Atahualpa and seized the rest of the Inca Empire
    and its wealth.

54
  • Hernando de Soto was the first European to
    explore the lands of the American South.
  • He explored the lands from Georgia to Oklahoma.

55
  • Francisco Coronado explored the southwestern
    portion of the United States.
  • The primary goal of his explorations was the
    mythical city of gold named El Dorado.

56
  • The Spanish Empire is in the New World was ruled
    by Viceroys.
  • Viceroys served as governors who acted directly
    in the kings name.

57
  • In all ways the New World colonies existed only
    to help make Spain rich.
  • There was little concern about the conditions
    within the colonies, nor was there much effort
    made in establishing long term settlements.

58
  • One of the few exceptions to this rule was the
    conduct and goals of the Spanish missionaries.
  • These priests came to the New World hoping to
    teach Christianity to the natives.
  • Although they often faced stiff opposition, they
    were eventually able to convert many of the
    natives to Catholicism.

59
  • During the early stages of the Age of
    Exploration, Holland, England and France had
    little impact, and felt as if Spain and Portugal
    had a huge lead in the claiming of new lands.

60
  • When the northern European nations became
    involved in the Age of Exploration their primary
    goal was to find a Northwest water route through
    the New World to Asia.

61
  • Although the effort to find a Northwest Passage
    failed, the northern European nations did claim
    vast new areas of land.

62
  • In 1497 England sponsored the expedition of John
    Cabot, an Italian navigator, in the first effort
    to discover the Northwest Passage.
  • Cabots voyage was unsuccessful but did give
    England its first claims to land in the New
    World.

63
  • Giovanni de Verrazano, an Italian sailor, was the
    first person hired by France to search for the
    Northwest Passage.
  • Verrazano explored much of the east coast of
    North America.
  • In 1524 he became the first European to sail into
    New York harbor.

64
  • The French explorer, Jacques Cartier discovered
    the St. Lawrence River in 1534 and established
    the French claim to eastern North America.
  • He named this new land New France.

65
  • The French established small colonies in Canada
    and along the Mississippi River.
  • Their primary goal was to make wealth off of the
    regions rich fur trade.

66
  • The English explorer Henry Hudson discovered
    Delaware Bay and explored Hudson River up to the
    area of present-day Albany, New York.

67
  • In 1610 Hudson discovered a bay which has become
    known as Hudson Bay.
  • He initially believed that this bay was the
    Pacific.

68
  • After a bitter winter exploring the Hudson Bay,
    Hudsons crew mutinied and left him, his son and
    five loyal followers on a small boat adrift in
    the Bay.
  • Hudson was never seen again.

69
  • The search for the Northwest Passage failed, but
    did result in
  • The discovery of new lands
  • The opening of new trade routes.

70
  • The Netherlands founded an important trading
    enterprise in North America.
  • Their most important settlement was at the colony
    of New Netherlands, its chief city was named New
    Amsterdam.
  • Most of this colony was lost to England in less
    than 100 years.

71
  • In Asia the Netherlands had far greater success
    and created the Dutch East India Company.
  • In Africa the Dutch were also very successful and
    created Cape Colony in Southern Africa.

72
  • The English were relative latecomers to the Age
    of Discovery and made few voyages of exploration.

73
  • The English relied upon the efforts of privateers
    to attack the treasure ships of Spain and bring
    the wealth to England.
  • The greatest of these privateers were
  • John Hawkins
  • Sir Francis Drake (The second person to
    circumnavigate the globe.)

The buccaneer
74
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75
  • In 1607 the English established their first
    permanent colony in the New World at Jamestown
    Virginia.

76
  • The English came to the New World because
  • 1. They wanted to start a new life.
  • 2. They wanted to have a better way of life
  • 3. They wanted to escape religious persecution.

77
  • The House of Burgess in Virginia was the first
    real example of a representative government in
    the New World.

78
  • The primary differences between English settlers
    and the explorers of France and Spain were
  • 1. The English came with the desire to establish
    permanent homes. (The Spanish and French came to
    make quick profits and then return to their
    homeland.)
  • 2. French and Spanish explorers were controlled
    by their home governments and the Church. The
    English had much greater freedom.

79
  • By the end of the 17th century the English had
    established the foundation for what would
    eventually become the most powerful colonial
    empire ever created.

80
  • The Age of Discovery changed forever the way
    Europeans looked at the world. These changes
    included
  • 1. The Atlantic replaced the Mediterranean as the
    worlds most important waterway.
  • 2. Water routes replaced land routes as the major
    avenues for trade.

81
  • England, France and the Netherlands replaced
    Italy, Portugal and Spain as the leading nations
    in trade as the major sea routes shifted from the
    south to the north.

82
  • During the Age of Discovery Europeans conquered
    the seas and slowly unified the world.

83
  • Spains dominance of the seas ended in 1588 when
    the English destroyed the Spanish Armada.
  • Following this battle England replaced Spain as
    the dominant sea power in the world.

84
  • The Age of Discovery has also been called the Age
    of the Commercial Revolution due to the many
    improved trading methods that developed during
    this era. These included

85
  • 1. The introduction of new trade products.
  • Tobacco
  • Coffee
  • Tea
  • Cocoa
  • Sugar
  • Spices
  • Potatoes
  • Tomatoes

86
  • 2.) The development of entrepreneurs. These
    people risked beginning their own businesses in
    the hopes of making a profit.

87
  • 3. The creation of joint-stock companies in which
    people invested small amounts of money to help
    create a company which promised to give them
    great profits. (Joint stock companies became the
    chief way in which business dealings in the New
    World were organized and financed.)

88
  • The growth of capitalism.

89
  • Capitalism is an economic system based upon
    competition, private property, the investment of
    money and freedom from government interference in
    business.

90
  • During the Age of Discovery the growth of the
    Middle Class became a firmly established fact.

91
  • The colonies created during the Age of Discovery
    existed to make a profit for the parent country
    and helped to create a strong middle class.

92
  • Mercantilism The belief that colonies were
    supposed to produce raw materials for the parent
    country and then provide a market for the
    manufactured goods from the parent country.

93
  • Due to the concept of mercantilism the colonies
    were discouraged from trading with other nations.
  • To discourage trade heavy taxes were placed on
    goods from other nations. (The colonies often
    resented these trade restrictions though and
    tried to avoid them.)

94
  • The Age of Discovery created several major
    problems including
  • 1. The competition for new colonies led to many
    new wars.
  • 2. The native of the newly discovered lands were
    often treated badly.
  • 3. Slavery was introduced to provide cheap labor
    in the New World.
  • 4. Inflation soared as wealth from the New World
    was introduced to Europe.
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