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Acute Diarrhoea and Gastroenteritis in Childhood

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Current Health Problems in Students Home Countries Acute Diarrhoea and Gastroenteritis in Childhood By: Afifah binti Othman Masrina binti Hj. Mhmad Tahar – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Acute Diarrhoea and Gastroenteritis in Childhood


1
Acute Diarrhoea and Gastroenteritis in Childhood
Current Health Problems in Students Home
Countries
  • By
  • Afifah binti Othman
  • Masrina binti Hj. Mhmad Tahar

2
Diarrhoea in the 21st Century
  • Second most common cause of morbidity and
    mortality worldwide
  • WHO estimation (2002), diarrhoeal disease results
    in
  • 2.5 million people die annually, mostly children
  • 1.6 million children lt5yrs old (in developing
    countries)

3
  • In the U.S.
  • 211-375 million episodes of diarrhoeal disease
    occur annually
  • 73 million physicians consultations
  • 1.8 million hospitalization
  • Over 3000 death
  • In Malaysia (2000)
  • About 2 million episodes of diarrhoea annually
    among children lt 15 yrs old
  • 5 of total mortality among children lt5 yrs old

4
What is Diarrhoea?
  • An increase in the frequency of bowel movements
    or a decrease in the form of stool (greater
    looseness of stool)
  • Changes in frequency of bowel movements and
    looseness of stools can vary independently of
    each other, changes usually occur in both.

5
  • Chronic diarrhoea
  • Generally lasts gt 3 weeks
  • Common causes IBS, AIDS, bacterial outgrowth of
    small int., Colon cancer, Chrons disease
  • Acute diarrhoea
  • lasts a few days or up to a week

X
6
Common Causes of Acute Diarrhoea
  • Infection highly contagious
  • Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu)

7
  • Bacterial enterocolitis
  • Sign of inflammation blood or pus in stool,
    fever

8
  • Bacterial enterocolitis
  • Sign of inflammation blood or pus in stool,
    fever

9
  • Bacterial enterocolitis
  • Sign of inflammation blood or pus in stool,
    fever

10
  • Parasites

11
Common Causes of Acute Diarrhoea cont.
  • Food Poisoning
  • Brief illness cause by toxins produced by
    bacteria
  • Cause abdominal pain, vomitting
  • Cause SI secrete high amnt of water diarrhoea
  • Some bacteria produce toxins in food before
    intake or in intestine after food is eaten
  • Symptoms usually appear within sev. hours

12
  • Food Poisoning
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Produces toxins in food before it is eaten
  • Usually food contaminated left unrefrigerated
    overnight

13
  • Food Poisoning
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Multiplies in food
  • Produces toxins in SI after contaminated food is
    eaten

14
Common Causes of Acute Diarrhoea cont.
  • Travellers Diarrhoea
  • Drugs / medications

15
Complications of Diarrhoea
  • Dehydration
  • Excessive loss of fluids and minerals
    (electrolytes) from the body
  • Common in infants and young children with viral
    gastroenteritis or bacterial infection
  • Kidney failure, eg in infection by E.coli
  • Electrolyte deficiency
  • Irritation to anus due to frequent passage of
    watery stool containing irritating substances

16
When Treatment is Needed?
  • Severe or prolonged episode of diarrhoea
  • Fever
  • Repeated vomiting, refusal to drink fluids
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Diarrhoea that contains blood or mucus
  • Sign of dehydration
  • Dry, sticky mouth
  • Few or no tears when crying
  • Sunken eyes
  • Lack urine or wet diaper
  • Dry, cool skin
  • Fatigue or dizziness

17
Tests for Acute Diarrhoea
  • Measurement of BP in upright and supine post
    demonstrate orthostatic hypotension, confirm
    dehydration
  • Moderate severe diarrhoea, blood electrolytes
  • Examination of small amount of stool under
    microscope if inflammation present, further
    test particularly for bacterial and parasitic
    infection

18
Treatment
  • Antibiotics or antiviral medications are not
    prescribed for cases of diarrhoea caused by virus
    or bacteria
  • Antibiotics may be given to very young children
    or children with weak immune system
  • In parasitic infection antiparasitic medicine
    usually given

19
Treatment cont.
  • Oral rehydration solutions (ORS)
  • Contain carbohydrate (glucose or rice syrup) and
    electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, citrate, HCO3-)
  • Infants and children
  • Infants with mild dehydration ORS at home (with
    doctor recommendation)
  • Infants with moderate severe dehydration, IV
    fluids at hospital
  • Avoid caffeine and lactose containing product

20
Prevention
  • Wash hands thoroughly before and after eating or
    when preparing the meals.
  • Make sure that the tools used for eating and
    preparing the meals are clean.
  • Cover our food or put them in the fridge to
    prevent any contamination.

21
References
  • Wikipedia
  • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
  • Medical Journal Malaysia VOL 62
  • http//www.mma.org.my
  • World Health Organization WHO
  • http//www.who.int/topics/diarrhoea/en/
  • http//www.medicinenet.com/diarrhea/article.htm
  • http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/diarrhea/DS00292
  • http//www.kidshealth.org/parent/infections/common
    /diarrhea.html
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