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Reconstruction

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Title: Reconstruction


1
Chapter 16
  • Reconstruction

2
Presidential Reconstruction
  • How should the Southern states be re-admitted
    into the Union?
  • Lincolns 10 Percent Plan
  • Southerners could be reinstated as citizens by
    taking a oath of loyalty
  • When a number equal to 10 percent of those who
    had voted in 1860 had done so they could set up a
    state government
  • That government must be a republican form, must
    recognize freedom of slaves, and provide for
    education of freed slaves

3
Presidential Reconstruction
  • Radicals against 10 percent plan too moderate
    and gave Lincoln too much power to determine
    policy in South
  • Radicals passed Wade-Davis Bill
  • Constitutional conventions in states had to have
    a majority
  • Those who bore arms against Union were barred
    from voting
  • States had to repudiate Confederate debt
  • Bill vetoed by Lincoln (just prior to
    assassination)

4
Lincoln Dead!
  • After Lees surrender, John Wilkes Booths plot
    to kidnap Lincoln changed to assassination
  • Lincoln was not the only one targeted- General
    Grant, Vice-President Johnson, and Secretary of
    State Seward were also to be killed

5
Lincoln Dead!
6
Lincoln Dead!
7
Lincoln Dead!
8
Lincoln Dead!
9
Lincoln Dead!
10
Lincoln Dead!
11
Lincoln Dead!
12
Lincoln Dead!
Lincoln
Johnson
Seward
Grant
John Wilkes Booth
George Atzerodt
Lewis Powell
13
Lincoln Dead!
Mary Surratt was the first woman to be executed
by the US government
14
Lincoln Dead!
  • Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 and JFK was
    elected in 1960
  • Both were elected to Congress in 46 (1846 and
    1946)
  • Both had children die in the White House (Willie
    and Patrick)
  • Lincoln was shot in Fords Theater and JFK was
    shot in a Ford limousine

15
Lincoln Dead!
  • Lincoln was killed in a theater and his assassin
    was caught in a warehouse
  • JFK was shot from a warehouse and his killer was
    caught in a theater
  • Both assassins went by three names John Wilkes
    Booth and Lee Harvey Oswald

16
Lincoln Dead!
  • Both presidents were succeeded by Southern
    Democrats named Johnson
  • Both Andrew and Lyndon Johnson were born in 08
    (1808 and 1908)
  • Both presidents were shot in the head from behind
    while seated
  • Both presidents were shot in the company of their
    wives

17
Lincoln Dead!
  • Both presidents were shot on a Friday
  • Both presidents were shot in the presence of
    another couple in which the male was also wounded
    (Rathbone and Connally)
  • Lincoln had a secretary named Kennedy who told
    him not to go to the theater
  • Kennedy had a secretary named Lincoln who warned
    him not to go to Dallas

18
Lincoln Dead!
  • Both assassins were killed before being brought
    to trial
  • A week before his assassination, Lincoln was in
    Monroe, Maryland
  • A week before his assassination, JFK was in
    Marilyn Monroe

19
Lincoln Dead!
  • Major Rathbone, who, with his fiance Clara
    Harris, had accompanied the Lincolns to Fords
    theater, was appointed counsel to Hannover,
    Germany in 1882
  • While there, he killed his wife, almost killed
    his three children, and attempted suicide
  • Rathbone spent the rest of his life in a German
    insane asylum
  • It is said that Rathbones insanity was caused by
    his sense of failure in stopping Booth
  • In the 1950s, the bodies of Rathbone and his
    wife were disposed of by the German cemetery

20
Lincoln Dead!
  • Robert Lincoln
  • Only Lincoln son to reach adulthood (Edward,
    Willie, and Tad all died in childhood)
  • Had his mother committed to an insane asylum (she
    escaped)
  • Was present at the assassination of President
    Garfield
  • Was present at the McKinley assassination

Robert Lincoln
21
Lincoln Dead!
  • Some weeks before his fathers assassination,
    Robert Lincoln was at the train station
  • A large crowd jostled him and he fell from the
    platform onto the tracks into the path of an
    oncoming train
  • Just before he would have been hit and probably
    killed, a hand reached down and grabbed him,
    pulling him to safety
  • The man that saved Robert Lincoln was Edwin
    Booth, older brother of Abraham Lincolns
    assassin, John Wilkes Booth

Edwin Booth
22
Presidential Reconstruction
  • Lincoln succeeded by Andrew Johnson
  • Tennessee Unionist Democrat
  • Champion of the small farmer
  • Hated Southern aristocrats which endeared him to
    Republican radicals thinking he was anti-South
  • Johnson shared Souths views on states rights
    and contempt for blacks
  • Enacted an amnesty program only slightly more
    rigorous than Lincolns
  • By 1865, all Southern states had governments, had
    ratified the 13th Amendment, and were ready to
    re-join the Union

23
Republican Radicals
  • Ultra-radicals wanted complete civil and
    political equality for blacks
  • Other Republicans wanted to protect blacks from
    exploitation and guarantee basic rights but
    little else
  • Republicans wary of seating Southern delegates as
    3/5 Compromise gone and South could hold majority

24
Republican Radicals
  • Southern states provoked North by electing
    representatives from former Confederacy
  • South provoked North by enacting Black Codes
  • Johnsonian Reconstruction therefore rejected

25
Congress versus Johnson
  • Johnson vetoed legislation expanding the
    Freedmens Bureau
  • Congress passed Civil Rights Act putting teeth in
    13th Amendment
  • Johnsons veto was overridden Congress was now
    in control
  • Johnsons behavior alienated many
  • Radicals demanded extra rights to protect blacks
    faced increasing opposition

26
Fourteenth Amendment
  • Supplied a broad definition of American
    citizenship
  • Struck at discriminatory state laws such as Black
    Codes
  • If states refused the vote to any adult male, its
    representation was to be reduced
  • Former federal officials who had served in the
    Confederacy were barred from holding state or
    federal office
  • The Confederate debt was repudiated

27
The Reconstruction Acts
  • South unwilling to ratify 14th Amendment
  • Furious North enacted coercive measures known as
    the Reconstruction Acts
  • Divided South into military districts each
    controlled by a general with near-dictatorial
    powers
  • Military rule would end only with ratification of
    the 14th Amendment

28
The Reconstruction Acts
  • First Reconstruction Act too vague to be workable
    South made no effort to follow laws
  • A Second Reconstruction Act required military to
    register voters and supervise election of
    delegates to constitutional conventions
  • Southerners refused to go to the polls
  • Georgia last to ratify in 1870

29
Congress Supreme
  • Southern resistance to even the mildest forms of
    reconstruction goaded the North to apply
    increasingly harsher measures
  • Johnsons stubbornness also influenced
    Republicans
  • Congress exerted more authority over army,
    cabinet members, and even Supreme Court (size
    reduced and jurisdiction limited)

30
Congress Supreme
  • Johnson refused to submit to Congress reducing
    executive powers
  • Johnson violated Tenure of Office Act of 1867
    by removing Sec. War Stanton
  • Johnson was impeached but escaped conviction by 1
    vote
  • Kept Congress from permanently damaging the power
    of the executive

31
The Fifteenth Amendment
  • Grant elected president in 1868
  • Radicals wanted to give right of vote to all
    blacks in all states
  • Republicans saw black vote as advantageous 15th
    Amendment sent to states in 1869 and ratified in
    1870
  • Amendment to give suffrage to all men regardless
    of color women outraged
  • Suffrage restricted through literacy tests and
    other measures

32
Black Republican Reconstruction
  • Within five years of emancipation, blacks were
    exerting real political influence
  • Real winners were scalawags white Southerners
    willing to cooperate with Republicans
  • Carpetbaggers Northerners who went to South
    to help blacks, serve in federal system, or grab
    a piece of the pie

33
Black Republican Reconstruction
  • Blacks failed to dominate Southern politics
  • Most of those who held office were house servants
    or artisans
  • Mulattos also fared better politically and
    socially
  • Black officials were usually competent and
    conscientious though there were examples of
    corruption

34
Black Republican Reconstruction
  • Biggest thieves were white
  • Despite wasted money, Southern infrastructure was
    rebuilt
  • Major contribution made by the Freedmens Bureau
  • Programs enacted under Black Republicans as well
    as corruption continued under white rule that
    came later

35
The Ravaged Land
  • South was never as wealthy as the North now it
    was desperately poor due to the destruction of
    war
  • Radical Republicans wanted to confiscate
    plantations and divide land between freed slaves
  • Land without seed and tools useless
  • Blacks had to either strike out on their own or
    work for former masters

36
The Ravaged Land
  • Black productivity dropped after emancipation
  • Whites assumed blacks lazy
  • Black family dynamics changed- male authority
    increased and women moved to child-rearing roles

37
Sharecropping and Crop-Liens
  • After the war, Southern planters tried farming
    through gang-labor failed due to scarce money
    and black dislike of working under whites
  • Sharecropping system emerged- planter supplied
    land, seed, equipment in return for half the crop
  • Sharecropping gave blacks more control over their
    lives

38
Sharecropping and Crop-Liens
  • Poor whites also utilized sharecropping system
  • Lack of capital forced development of crop-lien
    system
  • Both landowner and sharecropper depended on local
    bankers, merchants, storekeepers for everything
    from seed to coffee and salt
  • Crossroads stores proliferated- prices of goods
    on credit high
  • Store owners also lacked capital and paid high
    interest on credit purchases

39
Sharecropping and Crop-Liens
  • South, drained of resources, had to compete with
    the West and North for capital
  • Southern reconstruction achieved at the expense
    of the standard of living of the producing
    classes
  • Progress in South slow 7,000 miles of track laid
    in South between 1865-1879, in rest of US 45,000
    miles laid
  • Late 1800s Southern production revived in
    cotton, tobacco, textiles

40
White Backlash
  • Radical Southern governments needed support of
    whites to maintain power
  • Support came from wealthy merchants and planters
    (former Whigs)
  • Southern white Republicans used the Union League
    of America to control the black vote

41
White Backlash
  • Dissident Southerners powerless to oppose the
    League openly
  • Secret terrorist societies established such as
    KKK, White Camelia, and Pale Faces
  • KKK began as social club in 1866 but by 1868 it
    was taken over by vigilantes trying to drive
    blacks out of politics
  • Claimed to be ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers
  • When intimidation failed they used violence
  • Congress struck back at the KKK severely
    diminishing their influence

42
White Backlash
  • KKK eroded will of white Republicans and Black
    voters
  • Open intimidation and violence erupted with the
    Red Shirts in Mississippi beginning 1874
  • Terrorism against blacks increased white fears of
    black retaliation
  • Blacks learned to stay home on election day

43
White Backlash
  • Northern anger at South diminished over time and
    conservative white governments took over in
    South
  • North had little interest in racial equality
  • Southern idea of the need for the workforce to be
    disciplined gained ground in the North

44
Grant as President
  • Stock market crash of 1873 created economic
    problems for a decade
  • Controversies over greenbacks versus sound
    money
  • Grant administration and corruption
  • 1872 election split Republicans between Grant and
    Greeley- ended Republican dominance

45
Election of 1876
  • Republican Rutherford B. Hayes / Democrat
    Samuel J. Tilden
  • Tilden carried enough states to win Republicans
    controlling Southern states threw out Democratic
    ballots so that Hayes won
  • BUT many blacks kept from voting
  • A commission organized to judge the election was
    corrupted by both sides
  • Commission voted for Hayes 8 to 7

46
Compromise of 1877
  • Southern Democrats ready to accept Hayes if he
    ended military occupation of South
  • Hayes elected and troops removed
  • Efforts made by Republicans to find niche in
    South but South remained solidly Democratic
  • Compromise ended Reconstruction and began new
    political order in the South
  • Blacks would bear the brunt of these changes as
    the North forgot them and the courts rebuffed them
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