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Chapter 26: Survey on Smart Grid Communications: From an Architecture Overview to Standardization Activities

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Title: Chapter 26: Survey on Smart Grid Communications: From an Architecture Overview to Standardization Activities


1
Chapter 26 Survey on Smart Grid Communications
From an Architecture Overview to Standardization
Activities
HANDBOOK ON GREEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
  • 1Periklis Chatzimisios, 2Dimitrios G.
    Stratogiannis, 2Georgios I. Tsiropoulos and
    1Giwrgos Stavrou
  • 1Alexander TEI of Thessaloniki
  • 2 National Technical University of Athens

2
Outline
  • Introduction
  • Smart Grid Definition
  • Smart Grid Description
  • Participating Entities
  • Power Parts
  • Smart Grid Analysis
  • Layers of Analysis
  • Smart Grid Capabilities and Features

3
Introduction
  • The convergence of the existing power delivery
    infrastructure with ICT will lead to
  • An innovative energy distribution grid
  • Upgrade of the existing power grid by integrating
    a high speed, reliable, secure data communication
    network.
  • New capabilities and significant advantages
  • Variety of applications and services
  • Fields of Impact
  • Automation facilities
  • Advanced data collection
  • Broadband telecommunications
  • Intelligent appliance interoperability and
    control
  • Security and Surveillance
  • Distributed power generation
  • Effective integration of renewables and
    diversified production mix
  • Environmental Policies

4
Smart Grid Definition
  • The next generation power grid is based on the
    evolution of communication networking
    infrastructure integrated in the electrical grid
    enhancing data exchange and automated management
    in power systems.
  • The communication network should be able to meet
    the specifications and needs of the power grid
    and system communications providing advantages
    such as
  • flexibility,
  • resilience,
  • sustainability,
  • scalability,
  • cost-effectiveness,
  • interoperability and
  • interaction of the participating entities,
  • Thus, the name Smart Grid is entitled to the next
    generation power distribution network

5
Smart Grid Description
  • Participating Entities
  • energy providers
  • policy makers
  • regulation authorities
  • enterprises
  • Power Grid Parts
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution (Substations)
  • Customers

6
Smart Grid Analysis
  • Physical Power Layer
  • Generation system Power generation in plants
  • Transmission Delivers power from plants to
    substations
  • Distribution Delivers power from substations to
    the consumers
  • Transport Control Layer
  • Integrated high speed communication network
  • Supports secure data collection and transport
  • Permits the interaction and communication among
    entities involved
  • Advanced sensing and measurement equipment
  • Application Layer
  • Includes all the services provided to end users
    such as automated metering, broadband access etc.

7
Smart Grid
8
Smart Grid Capabilities
  • Key Characteristics
  • Advanced Interoperability among entities and
    parts of power grid.
  • Improved Grid management and optimized operation
  • Improved Situational Awareness and Communications
    in the power grid
  • Advanced Services for End-Users
  • Carbon emissions reduction supporting
    environmental protection efforts green
    specifications

9
Smart Grid Features (1)
  • Improved Power Grid management and optimized
    operation
  • Integration of distributed generation and
    renewables in a full scale network.
  • Support of diversified energy production mix
    according to environmental policies
  • Decision Making regarding the Grid Operation
    taking into account operational parameters from
    throughout the network
  • Real-time Avoidance Mechanism for power demand
    exceedance and power failures .

10
Smart Grid Features (2)
  • Advanced Interoperability in Smart Grid
  • Interconnection among all participating entities,
    establishing communication and cooperation.
  • Installation and support of different kinds of
    generation and storage equipment supporting
    decentralized production
  • Coordination between providers and consumers to
    optimize power utilization.
  • Dynamic pricing able to be adjustable according
    to current supply and demand.
  • Improved corporate asset management by integrated
    control equipment

11
Smart Grid Features (3)
  • Improved Situational Awareness and Communications
  • Data collection regarding the operational
    conditions of the power grid entities.
  • Advanced sensing equipment
  • Monitor and control by exchanging information
    among entities involved in power grid processes.
  • Prediction / Detection faults in power grid
    improving reliability and avoiding service
    disruption.
  • Immediate response on power demand variations.

12
Smart Grid Features (4)
  • Advanced Services for Users
  • Automated Metering Infrastructure allowing
    real-time measurements and collection of
    important data via smart meters
  • Dynamic pricing aiming at keeping competent
    prices in favor of customers.
  • Smart Home Appliances
  • Advanced communication networks and facilities
    for broadband access to all users via BPL
    implementation

13
General State of Smart Grid Application
  • Main Concept Evolution a network into a smart
    grid
  • offer services with high quality
  • increased consistency
  • - difficult to be realized
  • Difficulties
  • technical challenges
  • conceal the potential opportunities of a smart
    grid to customers

14
Parameters of Economic Market and Social Aspects
  • Power supply companies
  • focused mainly on the wholesale market of power
  • power stock exchange
  • Densely populated VS sparsely populated regions
  • market is less effective
  • high transportation cost
  • limited number of
  • competitive suppliers
  • economically offers
  • The state funds partially or in whole the
    investment
  • The power market cannot operate efficiently

15
Automated Metering Description
  • A Smart Grid system is expected to utilize smart
    meters at any customer location
  • These advanced meters will establish a two way
    communication measuring power consumption and
    collecting crucial information such as
  • voltage and current monitoring
  • current load
  • waveform recordings
  • power requirements
  • variations under peak conditions

16
Automated Metering in Energy Production
  • Smart meters can measure electricity usage and
    collect data for the service provider.
  • Significant role in the decentralized electricity
    production
  • integration of renewable energy production units
    since they will measure the part of the generated
    energy consumed by the household and the part
    returned to the main network
  • Distribution automation abilities in the areas of
    protection and switching

17
Pricing and Automated Metering
  • The two main factors that affect billing are
  • the power consumption
  • the market price
  • Three pricing techniques
  • time of use where certain constant prices are
    used
  • critical peak pricing where prices are altered
    only on power peaks.
  • real time pricing where price differentiation
    according to the day-of or day-ahead cost of
    power is provided to the service provider

18
Communications for Smart Metering
  • Smart meters at any customer location
  • Access point data will be forwarded to the
    control section of the power grid.
  • Various wireless networking technologies such as
    IEEE 802.11 WLANs, 3G UMTS, IEEE 802.16 WiMAX can
    be applied.
  • BPL Communications can be a very promising
    solution for smart grid since there will be no
    charging for data transmission and it will
    minimize dependence from networking technologies.
  • IP-based system that will transfer all the data
    collected
  • ANSI C12.22 standard
  • Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

19
A High Level Overview of Smart Grid
20
Smart Grid communications infrastructure (1)
  • The Smart Grid communications infrastructure is
    composed of
  • core (or backbone)
  • middle-mile (or backhaul)
  • last-mile (or access, distribution)
  • homes and premises

21
Smart Grid communications infrastructure (2)
  • The core network supports the connection
    between numerous substations and utilities
    headquarters. The backbone network requires high
    capacity and bandwidth availability and is
    usually built on optical fibers.
  • The middle-mile, referred as Wide Area Network
    (WAN), connects the data concentrators in AMI
    with substation/distribution automation and
    control centers associated with utilities
    operation. This sector needs to provide broadband
    media as well as easy and cost-effective network
    installation.

22
Smart Grid communications infrastructure (3)
  • The last-mile covers the areas of Neighborhood
    Area Network (NAN) and AMI since it is
    responsible for both the data transport and
    collection from smart meters to concentrators.
    There are many available wired and wireless
    technologies that must provision broadband speed
    and security.
  • The premises network supports Home Area Network
    (HAN) dedicated to effectively manage the
    on-demand power requirements of the end-users and
    associated building automation. It is
    predominantly based on the IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE
    802.11 and PLC standards.

23
Standards and Interoperability (1)
  • Interoperability can be defined as the ability
    of two or more systems or components to exchange
    information, to use the information that has been
    exchanged and to work cooperatively to perform a
    task.
  • Smart Grid includes technology deployments that
    must connect large numbers of smart devices and
    systems involving hardware and software.
  • Interoperability actually enables integration,
    effective cooperation as well as two-way
    communication among the many interconnected
    elements of the electric power grid.

24
Standards and Interoperability (2)
  • To achieve interoperability, internationally
    recognized communication and interface standards
    should be developed by Standards Development
    Organizations (SDOs) and Specification Setting
    Organizations (SSOs).

25
Standards and Interoperability (3)
  • Interoperability standards include some of the
    following
  • Recognition of the need for a standard in a
    particular area
  • Involvement of users to develop the business
    scenarios and use cases that drive the
    requirements for the standard
  • Review of existing standards in order to
    determine if they meet or not the need
  • Finalization of the standard and full
    implementation of the standard by vendors
  • Significant interoperability testing of the
    standard by different vendors under different
    scenarios
  • Amending or updating the standard in order to
    reflect findings during the interoperability
    tests

26
Standardization activities around the world (1)
  • The main standardization bodies for Smart Grid
    are
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
    (IEEE)
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology
    (NIST)
  • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
  • European Committee for Electrotechnical
    Standardization (CENELEC)
  • American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
  • State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC)
  • UCA International Users Group (UCAIug)
  • Vendor Collaborations
  • HomePlug Powerline Alliance (www.homeplug.org)
  • Z-Wave Alliance (www.z-wavealliance.org)
  • ZigBee Alliance (www.zigbee.org)

27
Standardization activities around the world (2)
  • Other major Smart Grid standardization roadmaps
    and studies
  • German Standardization Roadmap E-Energy / Smart
    Grid
  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T)
    Smart Grid Focus Group
  • Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC)
    roadmap to international standardization for
    smart grid
  • Koreas Smart Grid Roadmap 2030 from the Ministry
    of Knowledge Economy (MKE)
  • CIGRE D2.24
  • Microsoft SERA

28
NIST Priority Action Plans (PAPs) (1)
29
NIST Priority Action Plans (PAPs) (2)
30
Conclusions (1)
  • Smart Grids have received considerable attention
    worldwide in recent years.
  • A number of organizations, standard bodies and
    countries worldwide have launched significant
    efforts to encourage the development of the Smart
    Grid.
  • The development and use of international
    standards is an essential step towards this
    direction.
  • Interoperability is the key to the Smart Grid,
    and standards are the key to interoperability.

31
Conclusions (2)
  • There are various standardization activities by
    the key players involved in the standardization
    process.
  • Many standards and rules for Smart Grid have been
    already put in place.
  • Standardization activities will offer significant
    advantages to power grid parts, to energy
    providers, policy makers, regulation authorities,
    enterprises and customers.

32
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