Title: Chapter 26: Survey on Smart Grid Communications: From an Architecture Overview to Standardization Activities
1Chapter 26 Survey on Smart Grid Communications
From an Architecture Overview to Standardization
Activities
HANDBOOK ON GREEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
- 1Periklis Chatzimisios, 2Dimitrios G.
Stratogiannis, 2Georgios I. Tsiropoulos and
1Giwrgos Stavrou - 1Alexander TEI of Thessaloniki
- 2 National Technical University of Athens
2Outline
- Introduction
- Smart Grid Definition
- Smart Grid Description
- Participating Entities
- Power Parts
- Smart Grid Analysis
- Layers of Analysis
- Smart Grid Capabilities and Features
3Introduction
- The convergence of the existing power delivery
infrastructure with ICT will lead to - An innovative energy distribution grid
- Upgrade of the existing power grid by integrating
a high speed, reliable, secure data communication
network. - New capabilities and significant advantages
- Variety of applications and services
- Fields of Impact
- Automation facilities
- Advanced data collection
- Broadband telecommunications
- Intelligent appliance interoperability and
control - Security and Surveillance
- Distributed power generation
- Effective integration of renewables and
diversified production mix - Environmental Policies
4Smart Grid Definition
- The next generation power grid is based on the
evolution of communication networking
infrastructure integrated in the electrical grid
enhancing data exchange and automated management
in power systems. - The communication network should be able to meet
the specifications and needs of the power grid
and system communications providing advantages
such as - flexibility,
- resilience,
- sustainability,
- scalability,
- cost-effectiveness,
- interoperability and
- interaction of the participating entities,
- Thus, the name Smart Grid is entitled to the next
generation power distribution network
5Smart Grid Description
- Participating Entities
- energy providers
- policy makers
- regulation authorities
- enterprises
- Power Grid Parts
- Generation
- Transmission
- Distribution (Substations)
- Customers
6Smart Grid Analysis
- Physical Power Layer
- Generation system Power generation in plants
- Transmission Delivers power from plants to
substations - Distribution Delivers power from substations to
the consumers - Transport Control Layer
- Integrated high speed communication network
- Supports secure data collection and transport
- Permits the interaction and communication among
entities involved - Advanced sensing and measurement equipment
- Application Layer
- Includes all the services provided to end users
such as automated metering, broadband access etc.
7Smart Grid
8Smart Grid Capabilities
- Key Characteristics
- Advanced Interoperability among entities and
parts of power grid. - Improved Grid management and optimized operation
- Improved Situational Awareness and Communications
in the power grid - Advanced Services for End-Users
- Carbon emissions reduction supporting
environmental protection efforts green
specifications
9Smart Grid Features (1)
- Improved Power Grid management and optimized
operation - Integration of distributed generation and
renewables in a full scale network. - Support of diversified energy production mix
according to environmental policies - Decision Making regarding the Grid Operation
taking into account operational parameters from
throughout the network - Real-time Avoidance Mechanism for power demand
exceedance and power failures .
10Smart Grid Features (2)
- Advanced Interoperability in Smart Grid
- Interconnection among all participating entities,
establishing communication and cooperation. - Installation and support of different kinds of
generation and storage equipment supporting
decentralized production - Coordination between providers and consumers to
optimize power utilization. - Dynamic pricing able to be adjustable according
to current supply and demand. - Improved corporate asset management by integrated
control equipment
11Smart Grid Features (3)
- Improved Situational Awareness and Communications
- Data collection regarding the operational
conditions of the power grid entities. - Advanced sensing equipment
- Monitor and control by exchanging information
among entities involved in power grid processes. - Prediction / Detection faults in power grid
improving reliability and avoiding service
disruption. - Immediate response on power demand variations.
12Smart Grid Features (4)
- Advanced Services for Users
- Automated Metering Infrastructure allowing
real-time measurements and collection of
important data via smart meters - Dynamic pricing aiming at keeping competent
prices in favor of customers. - Smart Home Appliances
- Advanced communication networks and facilities
for broadband access to all users via BPL
implementation
13General State of Smart Grid Application
- Main Concept Evolution a network into a smart
grid - offer services with high quality
- increased consistency
- - difficult to be realized
- Difficulties
- technical challenges
- conceal the potential opportunities of a smart
grid to customers
14Parameters of Economic Market and Social Aspects
- Power supply companies
- focused mainly on the wholesale market of power
- power stock exchange
- Densely populated VS sparsely populated regions
- market is less effective
- high transportation cost
- limited number of
- competitive suppliers
- economically offers
- The state funds partially or in whole the
investment - The power market cannot operate efficiently
15Automated Metering Description
- A Smart Grid system is expected to utilize smart
meters at any customer location - These advanced meters will establish a two way
communication measuring power consumption and
collecting crucial information such as - voltage and current monitoring
- current load
- waveform recordings
- power requirements
- variations under peak conditions
16Automated Metering in Energy Production
- Smart meters can measure electricity usage and
collect data for the service provider. - Significant role in the decentralized electricity
production - integration of renewable energy production units
since they will measure the part of the generated
energy consumed by the household and the part
returned to the main network - Distribution automation abilities in the areas of
protection and switching
17Pricing and Automated Metering
- The two main factors that affect billing are
- the power consumption
- the market price
- Three pricing techniques
- time of use where certain constant prices are
used - critical peak pricing where prices are altered
only on power peaks. - real time pricing where price differentiation
according to the day-of or day-ahead cost of
power is provided to the service provider
18Communications for Smart Metering
- Smart meters at any customer location
- Access point data will be forwarded to the
control section of the power grid. - Various wireless networking technologies such as
IEEE 802.11 WLANs, 3G UMTS, IEEE 802.16 WiMAX can
be applied. - BPL Communications can be a very promising
solution for smart grid since there will be no
charging for data transmission and it will
minimize dependence from networking technologies. - IP-based system that will transfer all the data
collected - ANSI C12.22 standard
- Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
19A High Level Overview of Smart Grid
20Smart Grid communications infrastructure (1)
- The Smart Grid communications infrastructure is
composed of - core (or backbone)
- middle-mile (or backhaul)
- last-mile (or access, distribution)
- homes and premises
21Smart Grid communications infrastructure (2)
- The core network supports the connection
between numerous substations and utilities
headquarters. The backbone network requires high
capacity and bandwidth availability and is
usually built on optical fibers. - The middle-mile, referred as Wide Area Network
(WAN), connects the data concentrators in AMI
with substation/distribution automation and
control centers associated with utilities
operation. This sector needs to provide broadband
media as well as easy and cost-effective network
installation.
22Smart Grid communications infrastructure (3)
- The last-mile covers the areas of Neighborhood
Area Network (NAN) and AMI since it is
responsible for both the data transport and
collection from smart meters to concentrators.
There are many available wired and wireless
technologies that must provision broadband speed
and security. - The premises network supports Home Area Network
(HAN) dedicated to effectively manage the
on-demand power requirements of the end-users and
associated building automation. It is
predominantly based on the IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE
802.11 and PLC standards.
23Standards and Interoperability (1)
- Interoperability can be defined as the ability
of two or more systems or components to exchange
information, to use the information that has been
exchanged and to work cooperatively to perform a
task. - Smart Grid includes technology deployments that
must connect large numbers of smart devices and
systems involving hardware and software. - Interoperability actually enables integration,
effective cooperation as well as two-way
communication among the many interconnected
elements of the electric power grid.
24Standards and Interoperability (2)
- To achieve interoperability, internationally
recognized communication and interface standards
should be developed by Standards Development
Organizations (SDOs) and Specification Setting
Organizations (SSOs).
25Standards and Interoperability (3)
- Interoperability standards include some of the
following - Recognition of the need for a standard in a
particular area - Involvement of users to develop the business
scenarios and use cases that drive the
requirements for the standard - Review of existing standards in order to
determine if they meet or not the need - Finalization of the standard and full
implementation of the standard by vendors - Significant interoperability testing of the
standard by different vendors under different
scenarios - Amending or updating the standard in order to
reflect findings during the interoperability
tests
26Standardization activities around the world (1)
- The main standardization bodies for Smart Grid
are - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) - National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) - International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
- European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization (CENELEC) - American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC)
- UCA International Users Group (UCAIug)
- Vendor Collaborations
- HomePlug Powerline Alliance (www.homeplug.org)
- Z-Wave Alliance (www.z-wavealliance.org)
- ZigBee Alliance (www.zigbee.org)
27Standardization activities around the world (2)
- Other major Smart Grid standardization roadmaps
and studies - German Standardization Roadmap E-Energy / Smart
Grid - International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T)
Smart Grid Focus Group - Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC)
roadmap to international standardization for
smart grid - Koreas Smart Grid Roadmap 2030 from the Ministry
of Knowledge Economy (MKE) - CIGRE D2.24
- Microsoft SERA
28NIST Priority Action Plans (PAPs) (1)
29NIST Priority Action Plans (PAPs) (2)
30Conclusions (1)
- Smart Grids have received considerable attention
worldwide in recent years. - A number of organizations, standard bodies and
countries worldwide have launched significant
efforts to encourage the development of the Smart
Grid. - The development and use of international
standards is an essential step towards this
direction. - Interoperability is the key to the Smart Grid,
and standards are the key to interoperability.
31Conclusions (2)
- There are various standardization activities by
the key players involved in the standardization
process. - Many standards and rules for Smart Grid have been
already put in place. - Standardization activities will offer significant
advantages to power grid parts, to energy
providers, policy makers, regulation authorities,
enterprises and customers.
32Thanks for your attention!