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CARE OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING CHEMOTHERAPY AND/OR RADIOTHERAPY

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Title: CARE OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING CHEMOTHERAPY AND/OR RADIOTHERAPY


1
CARE OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING CHEMOTHERAPY
AND/OR RADIOTHERAPY
  • SHARON HARVEY
  • 23/02/04

2
LEARNING OUTCOMESTHE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO-
  • EXPLAIN WHAT CANCER IS AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE
    INDIVIDUAL
  • IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TUMOURS
  • DEFINE CHEMOTHERAPY
  • DISCUSS THE SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
  • DISCUSS IMMUNOTHERAPY AND HORMONE THERAPY
  • DEFINE RADIOTHERAPY
  • DISCUSS THE SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIOTHERAPY
  • DISCUSS THE RIGHTS OF THE PATIENT TO REFUSE
    TREATMENT
  • GIVE EXAMPLES OF SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
  • EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF THE MACMILLAN NURSES

3
SOME FACTS ABOUT CANCER
  • THREE IN TEN PEOPLE WILL BE DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER
    DURING THEIR LIFETIME
  • THERE ARE CURRENTLY MORE THAN 1.2 MILLION PEOPLE
    LIVING WITH CANCER IN THE UK
  • THE RISK OF CANCER INCREASES WITH AGE
  • AROUND 65 OF ALL NEW CANCERS ARE DIAGNOSED IN
    PEOPLE OVER THE AGE OF 65

4
WHAT IS CANCER?
  • CANCER IS THE NAME GIVEN TO A GROUP OF DISEASES
    THAT OCCUR IN ANY ORGAN OF THE BODY
  • IT IS THE ABNORMAL OR UNCONTROLLED GROWTH OF
    CELLS
  • EACH CELL IN THE BODY HAS GENES

5
  • NORMAL CELLS
  • - replicate themselves exactly
  • - stop reproducing after they have reproduced
    50-60 times
  • - stick together in the right place
  • - self destruct if they are damaged
  • - become specialised or mature

6
HOW DOES CANCER DEVELOP?
  • THEY DEVELOP WHEN A SINGLE CELLS GENES DEVELOP A
    FAULT AND ARE UNABLE TO REGULATE CELL DIVISION
  • THE CELL BEGINS TO DIVIDE UNCONTROLLABLY
  • DEVELOPING INTO A LUMP KNOWN AS A TUMOUR

7
CANCER CELLS
  • CARRY ON REPRODUCING
  • IGNORE SIGNALS FROM OTHER CELLS AROUND THEM
  • DO NOT STICK TOGETHER, SO THEY CAN MOVE AROUND
    THE BODY
  • REMAIN IMMATURE
  • DO NOT DIE IF THEY MOVE TO ANOTHER PART OF THE
    BODY

8
BENIGN TUMOURS
  • DO NOT INVADE THE SURROUNDING TISSUES OR SPREAD
    TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY
  • USUALLY GROW SLOWLY
  • USUALLY HAVE A COVERING MADE UP OF NORMAL CELLS
  • THEY ARE NOT CANCEROUS

9
BENIGN TUMOURS CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS IF THEY-
  • GROW VERY LARGE
  • BECOME UNCOMFORTABLE OR UNSIGHTLY
  • PRESS ON BODY ORGANS
  • TAKE UP SPACE IN THE SKULL
  • RELEASE HORMONES THAT AFFECT HOW THE BODY WORKS

10
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
  • ARE CANCEROUS
  • HAVE THE ABILITY TO SPREAD BEYOND THEIR ORIGINAL
    SITE
  • MALIGNANT CELLS CAN BREAKAWAY FROM PRIMARY SOURCE
    AND SPREAD TO OTHER ORGANS VIA THE BLOOD STREAM
    OR LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

11
  • PRIMARY CANCER IS THE TERM USED TO IDENTIFY WHERE
    THE CANCER ORIGINATED
  • SECONDARY CANCER IS THE TERM USED TO IDENTIFY A
    SECOND SIGHT OF THE CANCER

12
THE MEANING OF CHEMOTHERAPY
  • THE WORD CHEMOTHERAPY COMES FROM TWO WORDS,
    CHEMICAL AND THERAPY
  • IT LITERALLY MEANS DRUG TREATMENT
  • IN PRACTICE IT USUALLY REFERS TO CYTOTOXIC DRUGS,
    CELL KILLING DRUGS

13
  • HOWEVER IT IS SLIGHTLY MORE COMPLEX, NOT ALL
    CANCER KILLING DRUGS ARE CLASSED AS CHEMOTHERAPY
  • SUCH AS INTERFERON AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
    WHICH ARE CLASSED AS IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • THERE ARE 60 TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPY CURRENTLY
    AVAILABLE AND NEW ONES BEING DEVELOPED ALL THE
    TIME

14
HOW DO THE DRUGS WORK?
  • THE DRUGS ENTER THE BLOODSTREAM AND REACH ALL
    PARTS OF THE BODY
  • CYTOTOXIC DRUGS DESTROY CANCER CELLS BY DAMAGING
    THEM SO THAT THEY CANT DIVIDE AND GROW
  • THE DRUGS CAN ALSO AFFECT NORMAL CELLS

15
THE SUITABILITY OF CHEMOTHERAPY
  • THIS DEPENDS ON-
  • THE TYPE OF CANCER
  • WHERE IN THE BODY IT STARTED
  • WHAT THE CANCER LOOK LIKE UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
    (GRADE)
  • WHETHER THE CANCER HAS SPREAD

16
THE PATIENT MAY HAVE CHEMOTHERAPY-
  • ON ITS OWN
  • WITH RADIOTHERAPY
  • WITH SURGERY
  • WITH HORMONE THERAPY
  • WITH IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • WITH COMBINATION OF ALL OR SOME OF THESE
    TREATMENTS

17
THE PATIENT MAY HAVE
  • HIGH DOSE TREATMENT WITH AN INFUSION OF BONE
    MARROW CELLS AFTERWARDS
  • THIS IS KNOWN AS A BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT OR STEM
    CELL TRANSPLANT

18
SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
  • MOUTH PAIN OR ULCERS
  • NAUSEA AND VOMITING
  • SOME CAUSE HAIR LOSS
  • SKIN THAT IS DRY, DISCOLOURED OR SENSITIVE TO
    SUNLIGHT
  • NAILS MAY GROW SLOWLY AND DEVELOP WHITE OR DARK
    LINES
  • ANAEMIA
  • LOW WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT

19
WAYS OF GIVING CHEMOTHERAPY
  • In order to damage and kill the cancer cells, the
    drugs must be absorbed into your blood and
    carried throughout your body.
  • The way chemotherapy is given depends on
  • The type of cancer
  • The drugs (for example, some must be injected and
    some can be taken by mouth)

20
WAYS OF GIVING CHEMOTHERAPY
  • THE THREE MOST COMMON WAYS OF GIVING CHEMOTHERAPY
    ARE-
  • INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
  • ORALLY
  • INTRAVENOUS INFUSION
  • LESS OFTEN DRUGS CAN BE INJECTED-
  • INTRAMUSCULARLY / SUBCUTANEOUSLY
  • INTRATHECALLY
  • INTRA-ARTERIAL
  • INTRACAVITARY (INTRAVESICAL,INTRAPERITONEAL,
    INTRAPLEURAL)
  • INTRATUMOURAL OR INTRALESIONAL

21
IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • Immunotherapy is the name given to cancer
    treatments that use the immune system to attack
    cancers.
  • Sometimes immunotherapy drugs are called
    'Biological Response Modifiers' (BRM's) because
    they stimulate the body to respond biologically
    (or naturally) to cancer. Immunotherapy can be
  • Local or systemic (treating the whole body) 
  • Non-specific or targeted

22
LOCAL IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • LOCAL MEANS TREATING ONLY ONE PART OF THE BODY
  • THE BEST EXAMPLE IS BLADDER CANCER. THE VACCINE
    BCG CAUSES INFLAMMATION IN THE BLADDER THAT
    FIGHTS THE CANCER CELLS

23
SYSTEMIC IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • GIVEN TO TREAT THE WHOLE BODY
  • INTERFERON IS A SYSTEMIC IMMUNOTHERAPY DRUG
  • CAN TREAT KIDNEY CANCER AND MALIGNANT MELANOMA

24
NON SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC IMMUNOTHERAPY ARE CLASSED AS
    NON SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • THEY ARE GIVEN TO BOOST THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO
    FIGHT THE CANCER CELLS

25
TARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • THIS TARGETS CANCER CELLS AND HOPEFULLY LEAVES
    NORMAL CELLS UNTOUCHED
  • INCLUDES MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND CANCER VACCINES

26
HORMONE THERAPY
  • ALTHOUGH HORMONES DO NOT USUALLY AFFECT CANCE
    CELLS, OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE AFFECT THE
    GROWTH OF SOME BREAST CANCERS, WHILE TESTOSTERONE
    AFFECTS THE GROWTH OF SOME PROSTATE CANCERS.
    THIS MEANS DRUGS THAT BLOCK THE EFFECTS OR LOWER
    THE LEVELS OF THESE HORMONES CAN BE USED TO TREAT
    SOME TYPES OF BREAST AND PROSTATE CANCER

27
HORMONE THERAPY DRUGS FOR BREAST CANCER
  • TAMOXIFEN IS A COMMON AND SUCCESSFUL ADJUVANT
    TREATMENT USUALLY GIVEN FOR FIVE YEARS AFTER
    SURGERY
  • AROMATASE INHIBITORS BLOCK THE PRODUCTION OF
    OESTROGEN BY THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN POST
    MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
  • PITUITARY DOWNREGULATORS ARE USED TO TREAT
    PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. THEY PREVENT THE OVARIES
    FROM WORKING UNTIL THERAPY IS DISCONTINUED.

28
HORMONE THERAPY DRUGS FOR PROSTATE CANCERS
  • PITUITARY DOWNREGULATORS MAY INITIALLY EXACERBATE
    SYMPTOMS, KNOWN AS TUMOUR FLARE, THIS CAN BE
    PREVENTED BY GIVING AN ANTI-ANDROGEN
  • ANTI-ANDROGENS BLOCK THE EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE
  • BOTH TYPES OF DRUGS TOGETHER ARE CALLED MAXIMAL
    ANDROGEN BLOCKADE (MAB)

29
RADIOTHERAPY
  • THIS USES IONISING RADIATION TO KILL CANCER CELLS
  • IT IS USED TO TREAT BREAST, LUNG, HEAD, NECK,
    PROSTATE, COLORECTAL, BRAIN AND GYNAECOLOGICAL
    CANCERS
  • AT LEAST 50 OF PEOPLE WITH CANCER RECEIVE
    RADIOTHERAPY

30
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RADIOTHERAPY
  • TELETHERAPY OR EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY USES
    X-RAY BEAMS OF VARIOUS ENERGIES
  • BRACHYTHERAPY USES SEALED SOURCES OF RADIATION TO
    DELIVER A HIGH DOSE TO A TUMOUR AND CAN INVOLVE
    INTERSTITIAL THERAPY OR IMPLANTS OR INTRACAVITY
    TREATMENT

31
SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIOTHERAPY DEPENDS ON-
  • THE AREA OF THE BODY BEING TREATED AND
    TISSUES/ORGANS IN THAT AREA
  • THE SIZE OF THE TREATMENT AREA
  • THE DOSE OR AMOUNT OF RADIOTHERAPY GIVEN
  • THE FRACTIONATION OF THE TREATMENT
  • THE GENERAL HEALTH OF THE PATIENT
  • PREVIOUS OR CONCURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY OR SURGERY

32
SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIOTHERAPY
  • SKIN REACTION
  • HAIR LOSS
  • DIARRHOEA
  • MUCOSITIS
  • STERILITY
  • FREQUENCY OF PASSING URINE
  • FATIGUE
  • ANOREXIA
  • PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
  • NAUSEA AND VOMITING

33
SUPPORTIVE CARE OF PATIENT WITH CANCER
  • SYMPTOM CONTROL
  • CARING FOR THEM IN THEIR OWN HOME IF THEY SO WISH
  • SUPPORTING THEM IF THEY DECIDE TO REFUSE
    TREATMENT FOR THEIR CANCER
  • EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
  • PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT

34
MACMILLAN NURSES
  • There are currently 2000 Macmillan nurses in the
    U.K
  • They are registered nurses with at least 5 years
    post registration experience, 2 years have to be
    within cancer care or palliative care
  • They have specialist knowledge, for example in
    breast or lung cancer, or in chemotherapy.
  • Macmillan paediatric nurses help children with
    cancer and their families.

35
  • Macmillan community-based nurses play a vital
    role in helping people with cancer to stay at
    home with their families.
  • Macmillan hospital-based nurses see people with
    cancer from the time they are diagnosed and right
    through their treatment.
  • Macmillan lead cancer nurses are senior nurse
    managers, who help shape the future of cancer and
    palliative care services in their area.
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