Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4th edition - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 45
About This Presentation
Title:

Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4th edition

Description:

Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4th edition Margaret Schell Frazier Jeanette Wist Drzymkowski Chapter 1 Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:568
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 46
Provided by: pdxfacult
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4th edition


1
Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4th
edition
  • Margaret Schell Frazier
  • Jeanette Wist Drzymkowski

2
Chapter 1Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and
Treatment
3
Learning Objectives
  • Explain how a pathologic condition affects the
    homeostasis of the body.
  • Describe the difference between signs and
    symptoms of disease, acute and chronic disease,
    benign and malignant disease.
  • Identify the predisposing factors of disease.
  • Describe the ways in which pathogens may cause
    disease.

4
Learning Objectives (contd.)
  • Track the essential steps in diagnosis of
    disease.
  • List the prevention guidelines for cancer.
  • Explain the inflammation response to disease.
  • Describe the hospice concept of care.
  • Name two ways an individual can practice positive
    health behavior.

5
Learning Objectives (contd.)
  • Describe the physiology of pain, how pain may be
    treated, and what is meant by referred pain.
  • Define the holistic approach to medical care.
  • Describe examples of alternative medical
    therapies.
  • Discuss the principles and goals of patient
    teaching.

6
Chapter 1Lesson 1.1
7
Pathology at First Glance
  • Homeostasis internal stability of the body
  • Pathology abnormal condition causing measurable
    changes in structure and function
  • Pathogenesis development of disease in stages

8
Pathology at First Glance (contd.)
  • Systemic health Internal equilibrium
  • Disease state Inability to adapt to
    internal/external stressors or challenges
  • Syndrome Defined collection of signs and
    symptoms that characterize a condition

9
Pathology at First Glance (contd.)
  • Signs
  • Abnormal objective findings
  • Examples redness, swelling, purulent discharge,
    fever
  • Symptoms
  • Subjective patient reports
  • Examples difficulty swallowing, pain, fatigue,
    headache

10
Pathology at First Glance (contd.)
  • Acute Illness
  • onset is usually abrupt
  • symptoms present themselves over hours to days
  • duration brief (lt6 months)
  • Chronic Illness
  • onset is slower
  • symptoms persist from acute/subacute phases
  • duration indefinite (gt 6 months)

11
Mechanisms of Disease
  • Genetic Diseases
  • Genetic mutations changes in the genetic code
    that
  • are passed from one generation to the next
  • may occur spontaneously
  • may be caused by agents that disrupt the normal
    DNA sequence

12
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Modes of Inheritance for Genetic Diseases
  • Autosomal dominant single abnormal gene on only
    one of a chromosome pair will cause disease
  • Autosomal recessive same abnormal gene present
    on both chromosomes of a pair
  • X-linked (sex-linked) recessive abnormal gene is
    only located on an X chromosome

13
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Infection
  • Modes of transmission include
  • Direct or indirect physical contact
  • Body fluids/blood
  • Inhalation
  • Ingestion
  • Insect/animal

14
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Infection
  • Pathogenic agents include
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa

15
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Infection
  • Bodys defense systems against infection
  • natural mechanical and chemical barriers
  • inflammatory response
  • immune response

16
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Inflammation and Repair
  • Acute inflammatory response is marked by
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Loss of function

17
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Inflammation and Repair
  • Acute inflammatory response can be inhibited by
  • Immune disorders
  • Chronic illness
  • Medications, especially steroids

18
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Cancer
  • A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled
    cell proliferation or growth.
  • The uncontrolled growth proliferates at the
    expense of healthy cells and tissues.
  • The uncontrolled growth can develop into masses
    of abnormal cells or tumors.

19
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Cancer
  • Benign tumors
  • develop slowly
  • can arise from any tissue
  • usually remain encapsulated (self-contained)
  • rarely recur after surgical removal

20
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Cancer
  • Malignant tumors
  • cells multiply rapidly
  • do not usually resemble the tissue of origin
  • invade surrounding tissue
  • often recurrent
  • infiltrate to distant sites (metastasize)

21
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Cancer risk factors
  • tobacco smoke (active and passive)
  • heavy use of alcohol
  • exposure to environmental carcinogens
  • high fat/low fiber diet
  • excessive exposure to sunlight/UV light
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • exposure to radiation/radon

22
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Cancer screening guidelines
  • Men
  • PSA test (prostate-specific antigen)
  • Testicular self-exam
  • Women
  • Pap smear
  • Mammogram
  • Breast self-exam

23
Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths -
2006 Estimates
24
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Cancer Treatment
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
  • hormone therapy
  • immunotherapy
  • Palliative surgery

25
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Hospice Care
  • comfort and supportive care for the patient and
    family during the terminal stages of illness and
    into the bereavement period
  • emphasis on palliative treatment
  • neither hastens nor postpones death
  • considers dying as a normal process
  • provides physical, psychological, and spiritual
    support
  • may be home-based or in a facility with dedicated
    hospice services/beds

26
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Predisposing Factors
  • age
  • gender
  • lifestyle
  • environment
  • heredity

27
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Non-changeable predisposing factors
  • age
  • gender
  • heredity

28
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Changeable predisposing factors
  • Lifestyle
  • physical abuse and violence
  • poor nutrition
  • tobacco, drugs, and alcohol
  • Environment
  • air and water pollution
  • chronic stress

29
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Preventive health care
  • positive personal health behaviors
  • modification of identified risk factors
  • prophylactic medical services
  • environmental and workplace safety

30
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Immune disorders
  • hypersensitivity reaction (allergy)
  • autoimmune disease
  • immunodeficiency disorder

31
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Hypersensitivity reaction
  • Exposure to allergen, which acts as antigen
  • Triggers release of histamine, etc.
  • Symptoms produced (mild to life-threatening)

32
Mechanisms of Allergic Reaction
33
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Aging Process
  • metabolic changes (e.g., decreased liver kidney
    function)
  • decreased total body water
  • changes in body composition (e.g., increased
    adipose tissue, decreased muscle mass)
  • decreased bone density

34
Chapter 1Lesson 1.2
35
Mechanisms of Disease
  • Pain Physiology
  • stimulation of nociceptors found on free nerve
    endings
  • impulses travel through spinal cord to brain
  • usually signals injury or tissue damage
  • may travel a parallel pathway along spinal cord
    to brain, resulting in referred pain in another
    part of the body

36
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Pain Medications
  • analgesics
  • opioids (narcotics)
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
  • antidepressants
  • anticonvulsants
  • antispasmodics

37
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Psychological Pain
  • feelings of sadness, despair, anger, depression,
    helplessness, hopelessness
  • thought processes may be impaired
  • sleep patterns may be disrupted
  • may exhibit changes in personality
  • may cry or show signs of withdrawal

38
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Diagnosis of Disease
  • medical history
  • physical exam
  • laboratory tests (blood count, chemistry, etc.)
  • imaging tests (MRI, CT, X-ray, ultrasound, etc.)
  • biopsy
  • miscellaneous tests (pulmonary function,
    cultures, etc.)

39
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Holistic Medical Care
  • Focuses on the needs of the whole person
  • physical
  • spiritual
  • psychological
  • social
  • emotional
  • intellectual

40
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Cultural Diversity
  • Individuality based on numerous differences
  • race
  • ethnicity
  • language
  • culture
  • religious beliefs
  • values/life experiences

41
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Alternative Medicine
  • Therapies complementary to traditional medicine
  • osteopathy
  • acupuncture and acupressure
  • massage and reflexology
  • relaxation therapy
  • herbal/nutritional supplements
  • chiropractic
  • hypnosis

42
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Genetic Counseling
  • Communication process that revolves around the
    occurrence of or potential for a genetic disorder
    within a family
  • Genetic testing may be recommended
  • Test results, risks of disease development, and
    available treatment options discussed

43
Mechanisms of Disease (contd.)
  • Gene therapy
  • Experimental intervention repairs or blocks the
    expression of specific genes to treat disease.
  • The disease treated with gene therapy may be
    either inherited or acquired.

44
Patient Teaching
  • Goals of patient teaching
  • facilitate patient compliance with the medical
    treatment plan
  • clarify information and instructions
  • foster patient independence and responsibility
  • establish trusting, therapeutic relationship

45
Patient Teaching (contd.)
  • Additional reasons for patient teaching
  • ease anxiety
  • facilitate greater sense of patient control
  • improve patient/family coping
  • highlight goals for recovery or acceptance
  • reduce unnecessary clinic visits and
    hospitalizations
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com