Intro to Animals: Sponges and Cnidarians

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Intro to AnimalsSponges and Cnidarians

• Biology
• Mrs. Volin

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Kingdom Animalia
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Animals

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotes
• Heterotrophic
• Lack cell walls

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Animals

• 95 are invertebrates (do not have backbone)
• Sponges, starfish, jellyfish, worms, insects
• 5 are vertebrates (have backbone)
• Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

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Animals Simple to ComplexCharacteristics

• Cell specialization
• Formation of tissues and organs
• Early development
• Blastula protostome or deuterostome

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Animals Simple to ComplexCharacteristics
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Animals Simple to ComplexCharacteristics

• Cephalization
• The concentration of sense organs at front end of
  body
• Response to environment is quicker and more
  sophisticated
• More complexmore cephalization

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Animals Simple to ComplexCharacteristics

• Body cavity formation
• Fluid filled space where organs are suspended

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Phylum Porifera---Sponges

• Asymmetrical
• Oceans and freshwater
• Filterfeeders like a water pump

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Sponge skeleton spicules calcium or silica in
hard sponges spongin flexible protein fibers
in soft sponges
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Green dye ingested and expelled by a giant sponge
reveals how it processes huge amounts of seawater
to extract tiny bits of food. Photo (c) Sea
Studios Foundation.
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A giant sponge

• A giant sponge

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Sponge reproduction

• Sexual
• Sperm drift from one sponge to another
• Zygote is motile, then settles on ocean floor
• Asexual
• Reproduce by budding
• Can form gemmules
• Gemmules form when conditions unfavorable
• When conditions become favorable, gemmules grow
  into new sponges

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• Not a sponge

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Grantia
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osculum
spongocoel
Grantia, l.s.
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Radial canal, opens to inside
Incurrent canal, opens to outside
Ostium, opening of incurrent canal
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spicules
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Phylum Cnidaria

• Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish
• Class Hydrozoa Hydras
• Class Anthozoa Anemones and coral

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Cnidarians

• Carnivorous
• Stinging tentacles
• Body symmetry
• Specialized tissues
• Soft body

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Cnidarians

• Cnidocytes stinging cells on tentacles
• for capturing and killing prey

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Contains paralyzing poison
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Cnidarians

• Two body forms
• Sessile polyp with tentacles mouth at the top
• Motile medusa with tentacles mouth on the
  bottom

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Cnidarian Life Cycle Polyp and Medusa
gastroderm
motile
sessile
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Cnidarians

• Feeding
• Paralyzed prey pushed into gastrovascular cavity
  with tentacles
• Food is digested in the gastrovascular cavity
• Waste leaves body via mouth/anus
• Movement
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Expand, shrink, contract body

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Cnidarians

• Respiration by diffusion through body wall
• Waste elimination through body walls
• Response
• Nerve net detects stimuli
• Statocysts determine direction of gravity
• Ocelli (eyespots) detect light

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Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish

• Live primarily as medusas
• Polyp only as larval stage
• Largest 4 m / Tentacles 30 m

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Class Hydrozoa Hydras

• Polyps grow in branching colonies 1m or more
• Portuguese man-of-war is a colony with
  specialized polyps
• One forms a balloon
• Some grow long tentacles
• Some digest food
• Some produce eggs/sperm

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Hydra
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Portuguese Man-of-War
The Portuguese Man-of-War is a colony of many
specialized hydras
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Class Anthozoa Sea anemones and Corals

• Have only polyp stage (no medusa)
• Central body surrounded by tentacles
• May be colonial (coral reefs)
• Coral reefs take thousands of years to be built

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Sea anemones Corals
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Anemone
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Sea anemone
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(gastrovascular cavity)
Coral
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Elkhorn coral