An Introduction to Smart Grid

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An Introduction to Smart Grid

• Peng Zhang
• ECE 7750
• Department of Electrical Computer Engineering
• Tennessee Technological University

2
Outline

• Traditional Power Grid
• Smart Grid
• What is Smart Grid?
• Key Technologies
• Challenges
• Current Example applications
• Conclusion

3
Outline

• Traditional Power Grid
• Smart Grid
• What is Smart Grid?
• Key Technologies
• Challenges
• Current Example applications
• Conclusion

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The Traditional Power Grid

• The grid we are using
• Many implementation decisions were made 120 years
  ago

http//oncor.com/images/content/grid.jpg
Generation, transmission, distribution
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The Traditional Power Grid

• Problems with current Power Grid
• It is not efficient
• Transmission losses 20
• Only 30 of the energy consumed is transmitted to
  consumers
• It has not kept pace with modern challenges
• Security threats from energy suppliers or cyber
  attack
• Limited alternative power generation sources
• No solutions for conservative use of energy
• Un-interruptible electricity supply
• Poor situation awareness
• Poor control and management of distribution
  network
• A SMARTER grid is needed!

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Outline

• Traditional Power Grid
• Smart Grid
• What is Smart Grid?
• Key Technologies
• Challenges
• Current Example applications
• Conclusion

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What Is Smart Grid?

• Smart Grid is an application of digital
  information technology to optimize electrical
  power generation, delivery and use
• Optimize power delivery and generation
• Self-healing
• Consumer participation
• Resist attack
• High quality power
• Accommodate generation options

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What Is Smart Grid?

• Optimize power delivery and generation
• Advanced efficient power generation
• Low loss delivery power lines
• Self-healing
• Real-time awareness and reaction of system
  problems
• Consumer participation
• Consumer can monitor and control smart
  appliances to manage energy use and reduce
  energy cost

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What Is Smart Grid?
Consumer participation 1
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What Is Smart Grid?
Added green power sources
High-speed, networked connections
Plug-in hybrid electric cars
Customer interaction with utility
Real-time and green pricing signals
Smart thermostats, appliances and in-home
control devices
http//www.worldchanging.com/smarthouse.jpg
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What Is Smart Grid?

• Resist attack
• Real time monitoring of power grids
• Identify and respond to man-made or natural
  disruptions
• Isolate affected areas and redirect power flows
  around damaged facilities
• High quality power
• Reduce high losses due to outages and power
  quality issues
• Those issues cost US more than 100 billion each
  year!

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What is Smart Grid?
2
Smart Grid would save 46117 billion dollars over
the next 20 years!
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Key Technologies

• Integrated communications
• Fast and reliable communications for the grid
• Allowing the grid for real-time control,
  information and data exchange to optimize system
  reliability, asset utilization and security
• Can be wireless, powerline or fiber-optics
• For wireless
• Zigbee
• WiMAX
• WiFi

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Key Technologies
Generating Plant
Transmission Line
Substation
Distribution System
End User
1
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Key Technologies

• Sensing and measurement
• Smart meter technology, real time metering of
• Congestion and grid stability
• Equipment health
• Energy theft
• Real time thermal rating
• Electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis
• Real time pricing
• Phasor measurement units (PMU)
• Real time monitor of power quality
• Use GPS as a reference for precise measurement

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Key Technologies

• Example FNET-Frequency monitoring NETwork
• TTU is involved!

http//www.cesr.tntech.edu/about20fnet/default.ht
ml
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Key Technologies

• Advanced components
• Flexible AC transmission system devices
• High voltage direct current
• Superconducting wire
• High temperature superconducting cable
• Distributed energy generation and storage devices
• Composite conductors
• Intelligent appliances

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Key Technologies

• Power system automation
• Rapid diagnosis and precise solutions to specific
  grid disruptions or outages
• Distributed intelligent agents
• Analytical tools involving software algorithms
  and high-speed computers
• Operational applications

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Key Technologies
Fujian power grid, China Wide area protection
system AI programming techniques to calculate
control strategies Voltage Stability Monitoring
Control (VSMC) software Sensitivity-based
successive linear programming method to determine
optimal control solution
3
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Challenges

• IEEE P2030 project defined three task forces
• TF1 Power Engineering Technology
• TF2 Information Technology
• TF3 Communications Technology

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Challenges

• TF1 Power Engineering Technology
• Energy sources
• Transmission
• Substation
• Distribution
• Consumer premise
• Cyber security
• Safety

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Challenges

• TF2 Information Technology
• Cyber security
• Management protocols
• Coordination with TF1
• Provide data storage requirements
• Data retrieval performance requirements
• Define data interfaces
• Coordination with TF3
• Communication link
• Topology control
• Protocol

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Challenges

• TF3 Communications Technology
• Define communication requirements between devices
• Identify existing communication standards and
  definitions for use in Smart Grid

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Current Example applications

• Austin, Texas, 1st Smart Grid city in US

http//www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/15-gri
d-537x324.jpg
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Current Example applications

• Xcel Smart City in Boulder

http//smartgridcity.xcelenergy.com
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Current Example applications

• Energy Smart Miami

http//tinycomb.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/sma
rt-grid.jpg
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Current Example applications

• GE Plug into the Smart Grid

http//ge.ecomagination.com/smartgrid
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Outline

• Traditional Power Grid
• Smart Grid
• What is Smart Grid?
• Key Technologies
• Challenges
• Current Example applications
• Conclusion

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Conclusion

• Smart Grid is the next generation Power Grid
• Involve many new technologies
• Cooperation within multiple areas of research
• 4.5 billions investment by government Its a
  big deal!!!

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References

• 1 Craig Eicher, "SmartGridCity Developing the
  Smart Grid of the Future", Xcel Energy,
  Presentation.
• 2 Westar Energy, "Smart Grid", Presentation,
  Jun, 2009
• 3 Jinquan Zhao, Wenying Huang, Zhaoxiong Fang,
  Feng Chen, Kewen Li and Yong Deng, On-Line
  Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control (VSMC)
  System in Fujian power grid, Proceedings, Power
  Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007.
• 4 DOE's Office of Electricity Delivery and
  Energy Reliability, "The Smart Grid An
  Introduction"
• 5 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid
• 6 Nanjing Nari-Relays Electric Co. Ltd., Wide
  Area Protection System for Stability,
  www.nari-relays.com

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Thank You!