Modern World History

1
Modern World History

• From the Age of Discovery
• to the Present

Sources The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
Landes, 1999 The End of Poverty
Sachs, 2005 Wikipedia
2
Agricultural Revolution

• Haves
• Plants easy to domesticate
• Animals easy to domesticate
• East-west continent orientation
• Similar climate
• Crops move easily
• Culture follows
• Successful Agriculture
• Population explosion
• Metallurgy
• Ships
• Writing
• Fierce warfare

• Have-nots
• No
• No
• No
• No
• Or later

3
Industrial Revolution

• Haves
• Many competing countries
• Expanded trade
• Without regulation
• Raw materials
• Colonies
• Iron, coal
• Individual freedoms
• Ideas, science
• Literacy, books
• Economic, social
• Technologies
• Power coal, water
• Optics
• Machinery
• Big guns

• Have-nots
• No
• No
• Government control
• No
• Or undeveloped
• No
• Conservative religion
• Social, economic hierarchies
• No

http//www.askasia.org/images/teachers/display/41.
jpg
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Age of Discovery 15th-16th century
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Early World Powers Portugal and Spain

• Portugal
• Discovers Brazil
• By sailing south around tip of Africa to find
  India
• Dominant force in Indian Ocean
• Early Monopoly on Spice Trade
• Spain
• New World Colonies extracted for wealth gold
• Plantation system
• Slavery

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Colonies 1700s
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Slave Trade

• Slave Trade Triangle
• Slaves captured or bought in Africa
• Shipped to Caribbean to work on Sugar plantations
• Slaves traded for sugar
• Sugar traded in Europe for manufactured goods
• European manufactured goods traded in Africa for
  slaves

Slave Triangle
8
Slave Trade
9
Caribbean
10
Protestant Reformation 16th century

• Germany, Netherlands, England
• Freedom from authority of Church
• Reading Bible in common language
• Triggers new thought and science
• Where the industrial revolution began

Martin Luther
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Counter Reformation

• Spain, Portugal, Italy
• Repression of new ideas
• Ban on foreign books
• education suffered
• Heresies punished
• to preserve Church
• Inquisition
• Protestants, Jews, Moslems
• Fell behind in technology

12
Long term effects Literacy in 1900

• Britain 97
• Italy 52
• Spain 44
• Portugal 22

13
Galileo

• Italian experimental scientist
• Showed that earth must revolve around sun
• Published in Italian, not Latin
• Condemned by the Church for heresy 1633
• Forced to confess error
• Huge blow for Italian science
• Church finally forgave Galileo 1981

14
Isaac Newton

• English scientist
• born the year Galileo died, 1642
• Invented calculus
• Discoveries in
• Optics, Gravitation, Motion, Mechanics
• Built on discoveries of
• Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo
• Founder of modern physical science

http//astronomy.meta.org/monatlich/0601_monatsthe
ma.html
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Why Early Leaders Declined

• Spain and Portugal
• very wealthy in 16th century
• from New World gold
• Spent money on wars and luxuries
• Did not have to make things
• could buy them
• Did not have to improve agriculture
• could buy food
• Eventually money ran out

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Why Early Leaders Declined

• Italy was a renaissance center of trade and
  manufacture
• But no colonies in New World
• Old power structures prevented change

Venice, Italy
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Dutch East Indies Company1602-1798

• Netherlands
• Half the population lived in cities industrial
• Prosperous shipping, trading Middlemen
• Money lending allowed
• Protestant
• Spain wages war on Protestantism in Netherlands
• Dutch send own ships to Indian Ocean
• Dutch East Indies Company

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Dutch East Indies Company1602-1798

• Soon dominant in Spice Trade
• Virtual Monopoly on spice Islands of Indonesia

19
British Rise

• British pirates
• better ships, guns
• American Colonies
• settled by dissidents to start a new life
• Britain ahead of Europe in
• Textiles
• Iron
• Coal
• Agriculture
• Roads
• Freedoms

Queen Elizabeth, 1600
http//keidahl.terranhost.com/Spring/EUH3501Englan
d/ImagesElizabethI.htm
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Industrial Revolution

• Started in England late 1700s
• cotton spinning
• Produced goods for the masses
• Fortunes made
• age of unrestrained capitalism
• Raw materials came from colonies.
• Colonies were guaranteed markets
• Spawned abuses of labor
• women, children chained to machines
• Rich became richer dominated world
• Inequity of wealth
• led to Socialism, Communism in Europe

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Why England?

• Open society
• Individual initiative
• social mobility
• Political liberty
• Open debate
• Property rights
• Center of scientific revolution
• Isaac Newton
• Principia Mathematica, 1687

Isaac Newton
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/lega-02.html
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Why England?

• Geographical advantages
• Island nation
• Extensive sea trade
• Less risk of invasion
• Navigable rivers
• Internal trade
• Good agricultural climate
• Proximity to N. America
• Raw materials
• Coal abundant
• Fueled Industrial Revolution

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Fossil FuelsMade Industrial Revolution possible

• Coal powered steam engines
• Transportation
• Industrial production on huge scale
• Textiles, clothes
• Steel
• Fertilizer
• Chemicals
• Pharmaceuticals
• By 20th Century
• Service industries
• Communications
• Electrification

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Effect of the Industrial Revolution
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British in India

• Set up trade in India
• Corrupt Mogul Empire in India
• ignores British gains
• British soon control India
• Export cotton from India to Britain
• Machine cotton spinning in Britain
• starts industrial revolution
• British empire expands
• Africa, Asia, Australia

26
British Imperialism
27
British EmpireAt its peak controlled one sixth
of humanity
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European Imperialism1700s-1800s

• Other European countries scramble to set up
  colonies all over world
• France
• Belgium
• Germany
• Denmark

29
African Colonialism

• When the missionaries came to Africa they had
  the Bible and we had the land. They said, 'Let us
  pray.' We closed our eyes. When we opened them we
  had the Bible and they had the land.
• Bishop Desmond Tutu

Bishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Prize winner 1984
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Spanish Colonies South and Central America

• Spain transmitted to us everything it had
• its language,
• its architecture,
• its religion,
• its dress and its food,
• its military tradition and
• its judicial and civil institutions
• wheat,
• livestock,
• sugar cane,
• even our dogs and chickens.

31
Spanish Colonies

• But we couldnt receive from Spain Western
  methods of
• production and
• distribution,
• technique,
• capital, and the
• ideas of European society,
• because Spain didnt have them.

--Juan Bosch, first democratically elected
president of the Dominican Republic
32
Age of Imperialism
33
Age of Imperialism

• Diffusion of wealth occurred
• From Britain to its colonies
• USA, Australia, New Zealand
• From N. Europe to S. Europe
• Railroads built
• Serfdom ended
• Industry financed by capital
• From Europe to the world
• Latin America
• Asia
• Africa

http//www.jimwegryn.com/Photos/Photos.htm
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Age of Imperialism

• European wealth power
• Exploitation of Africa, Asia
• Forced Africans to grow cash crops
• Head taxes forced Africans to work in mines and
  plantations
• Sometimes hundreds of miles away from family
• Natural resources taken
• Private armies ensured compliance
• With military force from home country as backup

British cannon used to execute rebels in India,
1857
http//www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-w
ar/1862/february/british-atrocities-india.htm
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WWI clash of imperialist powers

• Germany
• Russia
• France
• England
• U.S.
• Ottoman Empire

36
WWII Reaction to WWI

• Germany
• Japan
• Britain
• France
• U.S.
• Russia
• China

Axis Powers
37
Independence after WWII
38
Cold War Reaction to WWII

• First world Western Europe and allies
• Second world Russia, China and allies
• Third world former colonies in Africa, Asia,
  Americas

Iron Curtain
39
Terrorism Reaction to Inequity

• Powerlessness
• Economic
• Military
• Desperation
• Nothing to lose
• Religious motivation
• State sponsored
• Cuba
• Iran
• North Korea
• Syria
• Sudan

911
Iron Curtain
http//blogmeisterusa.mu.nu/archives/2006_02.php
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Hunger Today
Colonialism, economic domination, and repressive
governments have had a huge impact on World
Hunger.