HDTV/DTV: Technical Overview and Roadmap Dr. Nikhil Balram Vice President of Advanced Technology Faroudja Laboratories, Sunnyvale, CA

1
HDTV/DTV Technical Overview and Roadmap Dr.
Nikhil BalramVice President of Advanced
TechnologyFaroudja Laboratories, Sunnyvale, CA
IEEE Communications Society Seminar, 10th
November 1999
2
Overview

• HDTV/DTV Overview
• History current status
• Technical overview
• Major players
• Barriers to rapid penetration/deployment
• Source
• Channel
• Receiver/Display
• Forecasts
• Summary
• Acknowledgements
• References

• Disclaimer All opinions/material presented in
  this seminar are solely the responsibility of the
  author and do not necessarily represent the views
  of current or past employers. Any trademarks or
  brand names mentioned here are the properties of
  their respective holders and are hereby
  acknowledged.

3
HDTV/DTV Overview

• History
• Technical overview
• Major players
• Barriers to rapid penetration/deployment

4
History
HDTV/DTV Overview

• 1987
• Broadcasters petition FCC to institute rules for
  terrestrial HDTV broadcast
• FCC creates Advisory Committee on Advanced
  Television Services (ACATS) to gather information
  and recommend a standard
• 1988
• US Broadcasters create Advanced Television Test
  Center (ATTC) to conduct tests of the proposed
  systems
• 1989/90
• Cable industry through Cable Television Labs
  (CableLabs) prepares to test proposed Advanced
  Television (ATV) systems over cable networks
• 9 systems offered to ATTC for testing all analog
  except Zenith hybrid
• Faroudja Labs, MIT, North American Phillips
  (NAP), Production Services Inc., Zenith
  Electronics, 2 from David Sarnoff Research Center
  (DSRC), 2 from Japan Broadcasting Corporation
  (NHK)

5
History (cont.)
HDTV/DTV Overview

• 1990/91
• FCC favors simulcast (full HDTV with eventual
  shutdown of NTSC) versus augmentation
• Shift to digital started by General Instruments
  (GI) DigiCipher
• 6 systems (4 digital) from different coalitions
  tested by ATTC
• 1992
• Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)
  agrees to coordinate task of documenting standard
  chosen by FCC
• 1993
• Analog options eliminated
• Proponents of the 4 digital systems form Grand
  Alliance (GA)
• ATT, DSRC, GI, MIT, NAP, Thomson Consumer
  Electronics, Zenith Electronics
• 1994
• ACATS approves GA system
• 1995/96
• ATSC documents and approves standard based on GA
  system

6
History (cont.)
HDTV/DTV Overview

• 1996
• FCC proposes to adopt GA system as documented by
  ATSC
• Computer Industry Coalition on Advanced
  Television Services (CICATS) files strong
  objection and proposes progressive SDTV with
  future path to HDTV through an augmentation
  signal
• Dec 24 1996
• FCC adopts ATSC DTV standard except for table 3
  with 18 formats (6 HD, 12 SD)
• 1997
• HDTV rollout schedule agreed to
• Some stations in top 10 markets to offer some
  programming by November 1, 1998
• Top 10 markets (covering 30 of US households) to
  be on air by May 1, 1999
• Top 30 markets (covering 50 of US households) to
  be on air by November 1, 1999
• All commercial stations on air by May 1, 2002,
  (public stations get 1 more year)
• NTSC broadcasting to cease on May 1, 2006, (later
  changed to whenever 85 of market is using HDTV
  sets)
• Nov 1998
• HDTV broadcasts begin

7
Current Status
HDTV/DTV Overview

• November 1999
• Overall
• 474 TV stations have filed construction permit
  applications
• 220 have been granted DTV construction permits
• 66 are on air with full facilities
• 25 are on air with special or experimental DTV
  authority
• Top 10 market network affiliates - 40 stations
• 32 are on air with full facilities
• 8 have requested second extensions
• Markets 11-30 network affiliates - 79 stations
• 20 are on air with full facilities
• See www.fcc.gov/mmb/vsd/files for more
  information

8
Technical Overview
HDTV/DTV Overview

• Video
• MPEG2 Main Profile _at_ High Level (MP_at_HL)
• 18 formats 6 HD, 12 SD
• Audio
• Dolby AC-3
• Transport
• Subset of MPEG2
• Fixed length 188-byte packets
• RF/Transmission
• Terrestrial
• 8-VSB (Vestigial Side Band) with Trellis coding
• effective payload of 19.3 Mb/s (18.9 Mb/s used
  for video)
• Cable
• 16-VSB
• effective payload of 38.6 Mb/s

9
HDTV/DTV System Layers
HDTV/DTV Overview
layered system with header/descriptors
996 Mb/s 1920 x 1080 _at_60I
Picture Layer
Multiple Picture Formats and Frame Rates
MPEG-2 video and Dolby AC-3 compression syntax
Compression Layer
Motion Vectors
Data Headers
Chroma and Luma DCT Coefficients
Variable Length Codes
Flexible delivery of data and future
extensability
Packet Headers
Transport Layer
Video packet
Video packet
Audio packet
Aux data
MPEG-2 packets
8-VSB
19.3 Mb/s
Transmission Layer
SourceSarnoff Corporation
6 MHz
10
HDTV/DTV MPEG2 Transport
HDTV/DTV Overview
...packets with header/descriptors enable
flexiblility and features...
Many services can be dynamically multiplexed and
delivered to the viewer
audio 1
video
video
TEXT
video
audio 2
PGM GD
video
video
video
video
188 Byte Packet
184 Byte Payload (incl. optional Adaptation
Header)
Video Adaptation Header
(variable length)
4 Byte Packet Header
Time synchronization Media synchronization Random
access flag Bit stream splice point flag
Packet sync Type of data the packet
carries Packet loss/misordering
protection Encryption control Priority (optional)
SourceSarnoff Corporation
11
MPEG2 Video Basics
HDTV/DTV Overview
Sequence (Display Order)
GOP (Display Order, N12, M3)
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
I
P
P
P
Cr
Y
Picture
Cb
Slice
Note Y Luma Cr Red-Y Cb Blue-Y
4
5
MacroBlock
Y Blocks
Cb Block
Cr Block
SourceSarnoff Corporation
12
MPEG2 Video Basics
HDTV/DTV Overview

• MPEG2 Profiles/Levels
• MPEG specification is generic - intended to cover
  wide range of applications
• Profiles and Levels used to put bounds around
  parameters for applications
• Profile is subset of bitstream syntax
• Level constrains parameters within allowed
  syntax
• Main Profile _at_ Main Level (MP_at_ML) - DVD
• 420 I,P,B, bit rates up to 15 Mb/s
• Main Profile _at_ High Level (MP_at_HL) - HDTV
• 420 I,P,B, bit rates up to 80 Mb/s
• Block Diagram of MPEG2 Encoder

Present frame
DCT Coefficients
VLC

DCT
Q

-
Q-1
Previous Future Frames
Motion Compensation
IDCT
Motion Estimation
Motion Vectors
13
MPEG2 Video Basics Discrete Cosine Transform
(DCT)
HDTV/DTV Overview
Spatial
Spatial
Reconstructed
Image
Transform domain
domain
domain
8 x 8
Image



DCT
8x8 coefficients
8x8 pixels
8x8 pixels

• DCT is an orthogonal transformation
• 2-D DCT is separable in x and y dimensions
• Has good energy compaction properties
• Close to Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT), which is
  optimal but depends on image statistics.
• Efficient hardware realization
• Theoretically lossless, but slightly lossy in
  practice due to round off errors

SourceSarnoff Corporation
14
MPEG2 Video Basics Discrete Cosine Transform
(DCT)
HDTV/DTV Overview
DC
horizontal
low
high
255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
low
255 187 204 255 255 255 255 255
255 122 20 102 230 255 255 255
8x8 DCT
255 153 0 0 35 136 213 255
255 196 0 0 0 0 17 94
255 247 43 0 0 0 0 0
255 255 82 0 0 0 0 0
255 255 128 0 0 0 0 0
high
frequency coefficients
vertical
pixels
Note Transform values in this example are for
illustration only.

• 8x8 pixel blocks transformed to 8x8 frequency
  coefficient blocks
• Applied to intra-field blocks and
  motion-compensated (prediction error) blocks

SourceSarnoff Corporation
15
MPEG2 Video Basics Motion-compensated Prediction
HDTV/DTV Overview
F
Current Macroblock
X
MVF
Current P or B Picture
Previous I or P Picture
Instead of sending quantized DCT coefficients of
X, send 1. quantized DCT coefficients of X-F
(prediction error). If prediction is good, error
will be near zero and will need few bits. 2. MVF,
the motion vector. This will be differentially
coded with respect to its neighboring vector, and
will code efficiently. This will typically result
in 50 - 80 savings in bits.
16
ATSC Formats
HDTV/DTV Overview
HD0

• 18 formats 6 HD, 12 SD
• 720 vertical lines and above considered High
  Definition
• Choice of supported formats left voluntary due to
  disagreement between broadcasters and computer
  industry
• Computer industry led by Microsoft wants
  exclusion of interlace and initially use of only
  those formats which leave bandwidth for data
  services - HD0 subset
• Different picture rates depending on motion
  content of application
• 24 frames/sec for film
• 30 frames/sec for news and live coverage
• 60 fields/sec, 60 frames/sec for sports and other
  fast action content

• 1920 x 1080 _at_ 60 frames/sec not included because
  it requires 1001 compression to fit in 19.3
  Mb/s terrestrial channel, which cannot be done at
  high quality with MPEG2

17
Aspect Ratios
HDTV/DTV Overview

• Two options 169 and 43
• 43 standard aspect ratio for US TV and computer
  monitors
• HD formats are 169
• better match with cinema aspect ratio
• better match for aspect ratio of human visual
  system
• better for some text/graphics tasks
• allows side-by-side viewing of 2 pages

800
800
600
450
600
43 aspect ratio
169 aspect ratio
18
Aspect Ratios
HDTV/DTV Overview

• Aspect ratio conversion will be required
• 43 material on 169 monitor
• 169 material on 43 monitor
• Several options (shown below)

19
Viewing Distance Versus Resolution
HDTV/DTV Overview
V E R T I C A L L I N E S PER P I C T U R E H
T.
MINIMUM VERTICAL LINES
Source McLaughlin Consulting Group
20
Display Size
HDTV/DTV Overview

• SDTV vs. HDTV
• SDTV is adequate for small size TVs (lt30 inches)
  at normal (gt2 meters) viewing distances
• Current PC monitor definition offers excellent
  HDTV imaging at close viewing distances (lt1
  meter)
• However, it may not feel the same as a large
  screen display even though it subtends the same
  angle ?
• Major opportunity for HDTV is for big screens
  (gtgt30 inches) viewed at gt 2 meters
• PC vs. TV
• Both SDTV and HDTV can be displayed on 19/21 PC
  monitors
• Big screens TVs for family entertainment
• The widescreen requirement
• Major new requirement of DTV is widescreen format
• Requires widescreen home PC monitors and SDTVs

21
Interlace vs Progressive
HDTV/DTV Overview
Direct-view and projection CRT TVs typically use
interlaced scanning, alternating between all odd
lines and all even lines
Odd
Even
Odd Even
CRT monitors and Flat Panel Displays put lines up
in consecutive order

• Reasons for interlacing in NTSC/PAL
• Conserves bandwidth storage
• Maintains frame rate vertical resolution
• Minimizes line structure

22
Interlaced Vertical-Temporal Spectrum 525 Lines
_at_ 60I
HDTV/DTV Overview

• Spectrum of (NTSC) interlaced video I is
  original content, II, III, IV, V are replicas
  caused by V-T sampling
• Interlacing artifacts line twitter/flicker, line
  crawl, feathering

Spatial Freq. (cycles/picture height)
II
525
IV
C
V
262.5
D
B
E
I
III
A
F
30
60
0
Temporal Freq. (Hz)
23
Progressive Vertical-Temporal Spectrum 525 Lines
at 60P
HDTV/DTV Overview

• Spectrum of (NTSC-like) progressive video I is
  original content, II, III, IV are replicas caused
  by V-T sampling
• Absence of replica V avoids artifacts created by
  interlacing
• Uses 2X as much bandwidth as 525 _at_ 60I

Spatial Freq. (cycles/picture height)
II
525
IV
262.5
I
III
30
Temporal Freq. (Hz)
60
0
24
Addressability vs Resolution
HDTV/DTV Overview

• Addressability refers to number of pixels/lines
  that can be addressed
• Resolution is number of pixels (lines) that can
  be resolved
• Measured as line pairs or TV-lines
• Resolution is usually less than addressability
  due to
• Bandwidth of channel and electronics
• cables, video amplifiers, etc
• Characteristics of reconstruction filter (display
  system)
• CRTs (horizontally) Gaussian spot
• described by Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
• FPDs (and CRTs in vertical direction) spatially
  varying
• this is why NTSC is considered to have 330 lines
  of resolution even though there are 480 active
  lines. active lines is derated by Kell factor
  of 0.7
• described by Multi-valued Modulation Transfer
  Function (MMTF)
• Major implications for design of optimal video
  display system

25
Interactivity Data Services
HDTV/DTV Overview

• DTV bandwidth can be used for digital data
• Allows new data enhanced viewing modes
• instant access to information such as player
  statistics, profiles of actors, etc.
• Simulated and actual interactivity
• real interactivity possible if platform has
  backchannel
• Sophisticated electronic programming guide needed
  to manage much greater choice created by
  multicast of SDTV streams
• HDTV channel can be used to send multiple
  audio/video stream
• exact number depends on format and content.
• Infrastructure for data services and
  interactivity lagging

26
Major Players
HDTV/DTV Overview

• Content providers
• Studios
• Broadcasters
• Highway providers
• Cable
• Direct Broadcast Satellite
• Broadcasters
• Receiver/Platform providers
• Consumer electronics
• Computer
• Technology providers
• Equipment
• Semiconductor
• Supervisors/regulators
• FCC
• Congress
• Consumers

27
Distribution of US TV Viewers
HDTV/DTV Overview
1998 2002 Total households
100M 105-110M Total TV households 99M
104-107M Total Cable subscribers 65M
65-70M Total DBS subscribers 8M
13-20M Total Terrestrial only 25M 20-22M

• Cable dominates and will continue to do so
• 2/3 of US viewers

28
Barriers to Rapid Deployment
HDTV/DTV Overview

• Source
• Infrastructure costs
• New towers, transmitters, antennae
• Equipment costs
• Large amount of NTSC equipment
• Operating costs
• Higher electricity bills
• Greater programming costs - chicken egg problem
  with viewers vs advertising revenues
• Existing archives
• Huge existing archives of material will still
  need to be used

29
Barriers to Rapid Deployment
HDTV/DTV Overview

• Channel
• Approx 2/3 of US TV households get programming
  via cable
• Cable BW is NOT free
• Huge investments made by cable companies to
  increase bandwidth
• More choice (of SD or 480i channels) and data
  services may offer better ROI than HD programming
• No must carry rules yet
• Receiver/Display
• Large high resolution displays are very expensive
• New electronics is expensive and still evolving
• Chicken egg problem
• volumes vs cost

30
Crossing the Barriers Source

• Upconversion of 480i to ATSC
• Huge NTSC archive and installed base of NTSC
  equipment can continue to be used by addition of
  Digital Format Translator (DFT) which upconverts
  480i (NTSC, S-Video, D1, D2) to any ATSC HDTV
  format in real-time
• Allows gradual introduction of HD equipment as
  volumes increase and costs drop

480i
Digital Format Translator
ATSC formats
31
Upconversion
Crossing the Barriers Source

• 480i (NTSC, S-Video, D1, D2) to any ATSC HDTV
  format in real-time

Network BroadcastCableSatellite
Video Source
Network
Digital
Switching
HD MPEG2
Satellite Uplink
Transmission
Format
Analog or
Compressor
Tape Archive
Translator
CCIR601
or Disk Source
To Affiliates
Fiber
TV Affiliate or Cable Operator
Broadcast
Affiliate
Affiliate
HD MPEG2
Receiver
Transmission
Television Tower
Compressor
From
Satellite Downlink
Decompressor
Network
Video Source
Fiber
Cable
Digital
Format
Tape Archive
Cable System
Translator
or Disk Source
32
Crossing the Barriers Channel

• Cable adding significant capacity by upgrading to
  hybrid fiber/coax
• fiber from headend to node
• coax from node to homes
• Premium channels/content might use full HD
• Channel bandwidth can be conserved by combination
  of good down/up conversion
• Cable (and DBS/DSS) control both sides of channel
  that delivers content to the home

ATSC formats
480i or 480p
ATSC formats
Upconvert
HDTV/DTV
Downconvert
channel
Set-Top box inside home
Headend or node
33
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display

• Receiver and display currently separated in most
  offerings
• Enhanced DTV
• addressability lt 720 lines vertically
• cost lt 5000
• direct-view and rear projection
• usually include line doubler (de-interlacer)
• Hitachi, Samsung, Panasonic, and many others
• HDTV-capable
• full HD addressability
• cost typically gt 5000
• no HD receiver
• HD input from external receiver, often via
  proprietary interface
• mainly rear-projection, but some direct-view
• Mitsubishi HD1080 Diamond Series with 43 and
  169 options, Panasonic, Faroudja, Hitachi,
  Samsung, and many others
• HDTV-ready
• full HD addressability
• includes HD receiver and possibly others (e.g.,
  DirecTV)
• mainly rear-projection but some direct view
• Thomson, Sony, Toshiba, Hitachi, Samsung, and
  others

34
Receiver/Display Options
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display

• Display options
• Direct-view CRT TV
• Rear-projection CRT TV
• Rear-projection LCDs DMDs
• Liquid-Crystal-On-Silicon (LCOS) devices could
  offer cheap high-def solution
• Front-projection LCDs DMDs
• LCOS Headsets
• Plasma
• Direct-view LCD
• 17-21 CRT computer monitors
• rapid decline in price rapid increase in
  volumes
• Receiver options
• Set-Top Box (STB)
• simplest option is simple decoding device similar
  to DSS/Cable STB
• most popular option under development is low-cost
  multi-functional computer that can be used for
  gaming, DVD, digital VCR, interactivity, Internet
  surfing, etc
• PC-DTV
• PC with low cost DTV receiver

35
Set-Top Box
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display

• Basically a PC-like device
• Low cost lt 500
• Multi-functional
• HDTV/DTV tuner, demux, decode, conversions
• NTSC tuner, decode, upconversion
• 3D Games
• DVD player
• Interactivity data services
• Internet surfing
• Digital VCR
• Open architecture
• Not necessarily using Windows or x86
• Leveraging PC components and approach
• PCI bus
• Graphics and video components leveraged from PC
• Software APIs to allow ISVs to offer enhanced
  services
• DBS/DSS and Cable STBs pursuing similar direction

36
Set-Top Box System View
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display
MTS 100 Stream Player
Amplifier
Audio
DTV NIM
TV Tuner
S/PDIF In
HD Digital DiskRecorder
S/PDIF Out
Reference
SDI In
SDI Out
Composite Out Svideo Out R (R-Y) G (Y) B (B_Y) S
Evaluation
RS232
JTAG Tap
TL850
CPU
Software Development Tools Application Control
Program
USB/P1394
Modem
Smartcard
IR/IRDA
Remote Control (or IRDA Peripherals)
Telco
USB Peripherals (Scanners, Keyboards, Joysticks,
Printers )
SourceTeraLogic, Inc.
37
Set-Top Box Structure and I/Fs
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display
Source TeraLogic Inc. Cougar DTV Reference
Platform HW
38
Set-Top Box SW Architecture
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display
Source TeraLogic Inc. Cougar DTV Reference
Platform SW
39
DTV-STB Receiver Architecture
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display
SDRAM
Descrambler/ CA sub system
DTV Decoder
HD Video Out
Demodulator
DTV Tuner
Transport Stream
Audio Out
NTSC/PAL Decoder
CCIR601
Aux. Video Out CCIR601 Digital
NTSC
NTSC/PAL Encoder
IIC SC PWM GPIO
STB I/O
PCI Bus
RS-232 Parallel USB IDE
PCI Bridge
1394 Link
Super I/O
EPROM
FLASH
SDRAM
1394 PHY
CPU
IR
40
PC-DTV Platform
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display

• Near-term solution
• add-in card with HDTV/NTSC tuner and
  demux/decoder
• offers HDTV/DTV viewing on conventional CRT
  computer monitor or HD monitor
• enhanced services and interactivity possible
  through other PC HW/SW
• low cost likely lt 300 in 2H99
• add-in card with HDTV/NTSC tuner
• HW NTSC decode
• SW HD demux and decode (with IDCTMotion
  Compensation assistance from graphics accelerator
  - MP_at_HL likely by 1H00).
• very low cost possible could be lt 100 in 1H00
• Long-term solution
• PC-based Integrated Digital Media Platform
• Modular secure architecture based on compact
  enclosed receiver modules (Device Bay) with SW
  acting as bridge between receiver and renderer.
• Big push by Microsoft in this direction

41
PC-DTV Add-in Card
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display

• Add-in card option based on dual-input tuner and
  HW DTV decoder
• Could be lt 300 in 2H99

Source TeraLogic Inc.
42
DTV Decoder IC
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display

• Highly integrated DTV decoder IC
• Comprehensive set of features transport demux,
  MPEG2 MP_at_HL decode, video processing, 2D graphics
  for GUI support, display processor, PCI I/F
• Suitable for STB or PC-DTV

Source TeraLogic Inc.
43
Philips Coney PCI ATSC/NTSC Reference Design
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display

• Low cost add-in card option
• NTSC/ATSC reception with single tuner
• ATSC transport stream, scaled 656, and BTSC
  stereo audio sent out via PCI
• Could be lt 100 in high volume

44
PC-DTV HW/SW Partitioning
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display

• HW/SW partitioning for low cost Coney card option

NTSC/CC app/UI
DTV app/UI
DShow sound
AC3 decode
Analog/dig tuner driver
DShow video renderer
MP_at_HL video decode
VSB demod driver
TS demux
PCI Bridge WDM
Gfx driver
Software
Analog TV demod
Hardware
Gfx hardware
MP_at_HL h/w assist
PCI Bridge
Tuner
Digital TV demod
45
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display
PC-DTV System View
Enhanced programming
NTSC
Video Audio Data
Cable
Cable
Graphics chip/card
8VSB PCI Receiver Module
1394 Device Bay or external C.A. Receiver Module
Analog (MPEG Encoding) Receiver Module
On-chip MPEG acceleration
AGP
PCI
1394
PCI
WDM driver
WDM driver
WDM driver
Driver
MPEG decode support
PC motherboard and software
TS split
CS create
CS store/retrieve
CS split
46
PC-DTV Long-term System Architecture
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display

• Receiver functions separate from rendering
  functions
• All streams go through Microsoft DirectShow SW
  layer

Cable
Video display subsystem
Terrestrial
Satellite
ADSL
DirectShow (value adding filters)
Audio subsystem
Telco
????
Data subsystem
DVD
Storage (Network)
MPEG Enc
47
PC-DTV Long-term View
Crossing the Barriers Receiver/Display
Integrated Digital Media Platform (PC-Inside)
Satellite TVreceiver
Cable box
Atsc box
PC inside
Telco box
A/V receiver
Subsumes functionality of some or all of these
VCR
DVD player
Web browser
Game console
48
Forecasts

• Depends on whether PC-based DTV (or PC-like
  STB-based DTV) can provide quick ramp up in
  volume
• PC-DTV add-in cards for 99-299 coupled with
  17-21 CRT monitors could provide significant
  early deployment to create the positive spiral
  needed for fast growth
• PC CE industry will try
• ultimately depends on consumer preferences
• Traditional approach based on HDTV sets and
  vanilla HD receivers will be much slower

Effective advertising
Large installed base of eyeballs
Positive spiral
Low cost interactive receivers
Better free programs
Large volume receiver market
49
Summary

• Transition to HDTV/DTV began with November 98
  broadcasts
• Current status is 66 stations on air with full
  facilities, 25 with partial
• Many barriers to rapid deployment, but most can
  be overcome
• Upconversion
• STB and PC DTV low cost receiver platforms
• New functionality such as digital recording,
  interactive television, data services, at low
  cost could attract high volumes
• PC/semiconductor industry price pressure could
  offer price-points as low as 99 (for lowest
  functionality option).
• Emerging display technologies such as LCOS, low
  cost large PC CRT monitors, and enhanced CRT
  SDTVs could provide high quality viewing options
  at reasonable cost.
• Could be a significant opportunity for enhanced
  TV
• Ultimately will depend on consumer preferences

50
Acknowledgements

• Speaker gratefully acknowledges material and/or
  information provided by
• Chuck McLaughlin, McLaughlin Consulting Group
• Mark OBrien, TeraLogic, Inc.
• Terry Smith, Sarnoff Corporation
• Dave Marsh, Microsoft Corporation
• Mark Farley, S3 Incorporated
• Glen Sakata, Broadcast Group, Faroudja
  Laboratories

51
References

• HDTV/DTV
• HDTV Status and Prospects, B. Lechner, SID 1997
  Seminar M-10.
• detailed history of development of HDTV
• The Impact of DTV on Television and Computer
  Displays, R. Cooke, C. McLaughlin,
  McLaughlin Consulting Group, December 1998
• provides in depth analysis of US market and a
  detailed product and technology forecast
• www.mcgweb.com/reports/dtv.htm.
• Opportunities for Displays in the DTV Era, R.
  Cooke, C. McLaughlin, McLaughlin Consulting
  Group, April 1999
• abridged version, summarizes market trends and
  forecasts DTV rollout
• www.mcgweb.com/reports/dtvopps.htm.
• www.atsc.org
• web site for Advanced Television Systems
  Committee
• www.teralogic-inc.com
• white papers on set-top box and PC
  implementations of DTV
• www.microsoft.com/winhec
• presentations and white papers on PC-centric DTV
• www.fcc.gov/mmb/vsd
• web site for FCC - up-to-date information on TV
  stations DTV transition

52
References

• MPEG2
• An Introduction to MPEG-2 B. Haskell, A. Puri,
  A. Netravali, Chapman Hall, 1997
• PC multimedia architecture
• Multimedia Accelerators, N. Balram, SID 1998
  Seminar M-7.
• Datasheets and data books from various multimedia
  accelerator companies
• Image/Video/Television
• Video Demystified A Handbook for the Digital
  Engineer, K. Jack, HighText Publications, 1993.
• Digital Television, C. P. Sandbank (editor),
  John Wiley Sons, 1990.
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