Title: Electrochemistry
1Chapter 11
2Electromotive Force (???)
1 joule of work is produced or required when 1
coulomb of charge is transferred between two
points in the circuit that differ by a potential
of 1 volt.
3Galvanic Cells (Voltaic Cells )
- Galvanic cell - an electric cell that generates
an electromotive force by an irreversible
conversion of chemical to electrical energy
cannot be recharged. - The electron flow from the anode to the cathode
is what creates electricity. - In a galvanic cell, the cathode is positive while
the anode is negative, while in a electrolytic
cell, the cathode is negative while the anode is
positive.
4Galvanic Cells
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7Standard Reduction Potentials
8Standard Hydrogen Electrode
- 2H(aq)Zn(s) ?Zn2(aq)H2(g)
- Oxidation half-reaction
- Zn(s) ?Zn2(aq)2e-
- Standard hydrogen electrode
- 2H(aq)2e-?H2(g)
- The cathode consists of a platinum electrode in
contact - with 1 M H ions and bath by hydrogen gas at 1
atm. We - assign the reaction having a potential of exactly
0 volts.
9Copper-Zinc Voltaic Cells
10The Cell Potentials
- E0cellE0(cathode)-E0 (anode)
- The value of E0 is not changed when a half
- reaction is multiplied by an integer.
- 2Fe32e- ?2Fe2 E0(cathode)0.77 V
- Cu ?Cu22e- -E0 (anode)-0.34 V
- Cu2Fe3 ?2Fe2Cu
- E0cellE0(cathode)-E0 (anode)0.43 V
oxidation
reduction
11Cell Diagrams
- For a copper-zinc voltaic cells
- Cu Zn ZnSO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) Cu
- 1. A vertical line indicates a phase boundary.
- 2. A dashed vertical line indicates the phase
boundary between two miscible liquid.
Dashed line
12- PtL H2(g)HCl(aq)AgCl(s)Ag PtR
- Anode H2(g)2H2e-(PtL)
- Cathode AgCl(s)e-(PtR)AgCl- 2
- Overall 2AgCl(s) H2(g)2Ag 2H2Cl-
- CuLCd(s)CdCl2(0.1M)AgCl(s)Ag(s) CuR
- Anode CdCd22e-
- Cathode AgCle-AgCl- 2
- Overall Cd2AgCl2AgCd22Cl-
13Nernst Equation
- E0 standard reduction potential
- n moles of electrons
- F Faraday constant 96485 C/mol
14Thermodynamic-Free Energy
- The maximum cell potential is directly related to
the free energy difference between the reactants
and the products in the cell.
15Calculation of Equilibrium Constants for Redox
Reactions
16Reaction Quotient (Q)
The positive E (fRgtfL ) means that QltK0. As Q
increases toward K0, the cell emf decreases,
reaching zero when QK0
17The Equilibrium Constant of a Cu-Zn Cell
- ZnCu2(aq)Zn2(aq)Cu
- E00.34V-(-0.76V)1.10V
18Concentration Cells
19AgL Ag(0.1M) Ag(1M) AgR
- PtL Cl2(PL) HCl(aq) Cl2(PR) PtR
20Liquid Junction Potential
- Liquid junction the interface between two
miscible electrolyte solutions. - Liquid-junction potential A potential difference
between two solutions of different compositions
separated by a membrane type separator. - The salt will diffuse from the higher
concentration side to the lower concentration
side.
21H
H
Cl-
Ag
- - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - -
HCl HCl
AgNO3 HNO3
a2 lt a1
a2 a1
22Liquid Junction Potential
- The diffusion rate of the cation and the anion of
the salt will very seldom be exactly the same. - Assume the cations move faster consequently, an
excess positive charge will accumulate on the low
concentration side, while an excess negative
charge will accumulate on the high concentration
side of the junction due to the slow moving
anions. - When the cell has a liquid junction, the observed
cell emf includes the additional potential
difference between the two electrolyte solutions.
23How to Solve the Liquid Junction Potential
- Liquid junction potentials are generally small,
but they certainly cannot be neglected in
accurate work. - By connecting the two electrolyte solutions with
a salt bridge, the junction potential can be
minimized. - A salt bridge consist of a gel made by adding
agar to a concentrated aqueous KCl solution.
24A Cell Diagrams Containing a Salt Bridge
- For a copper-zinc voltaic cells
- Cu Zn ZnSO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) Cu
A salt bridge is symbolized by two vertical
dashed lines.
25Estimate the Liquid Junction Potential from EMF
Measurement
-
- Ag AgCl(s) LiCl(m) NaCl(m) AgCl(s) Ag
-
- m(LiCl)m(NaCl), E00
- Anode AgCl- (in LiCl(aq))AgCle-
- Cathode AgCle-AgCl- (in NaCl(aq))
26Estimate the Liquid Junction Potential from EMF
Measurement
27Applications of Electrochemistry
- pH meter
- ATP Synthase
- Potential for a resting nerve cell
28Determination of pH
- Pt H2(g) soln. X KCl(sat.) Hg2Cl2(s) Hg Pt
1/2H2(g)1/2Hg2Cl2Hg(l)H(aq,X)Cl-(aq) The
cell reaction and emf Ex
Junction potential between X and the saturated
KCl solution
29- If a second cell is set up to except that
solution - X is replaced by solution S, the emf Es of this
- cell will be
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31Reference electrode saturated calomel electrode
(SCE)
Sensing electrode Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
Pt Ag AgCl(s) HCl(aq) glass soln. X KCl(sat.)
Hg2Cl2(s) Hg Pt
32Determine the pH of a Solution by a pH Meter
- When the glass electrode is immersed in solution
X, an equilibrium between H ions in solution and
H ions in the glass surface is set up. - This charge transfer between glass and solution
produces a potential difference between the glass
and solution.
33Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) for PH Meter
- An ion selective electrode contains a glass,
crystalline, or liquid membrane whose nature is
such that the potential difference between the
membrane and an electrolyte solution it is in
contact with is determined by the activity of one
particular ion. - It is dependent on the concentration of an ionic
species in the test solution and is used for
electro-analysis.
34- Marcus theory for Electron transfer reactions
- Rudolph A. Marcus was awarded the 1992 Nobel
Prize in chemistry
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36Membrane Equilibrium
In a closed electrochemical system, the phase
equilibrium condition for two phases a and b
37Free-energy change during proton movement across
a concentration gradient
- The movement of protons from the cytoplasm into
the matrix of the mitochondrion.
38Proton Pumping
- Proton pumping maintains a pH gradient of 1.4
units, then DpH 1.4 - DG -2.303RT?pH
- - 2.303 (8.315 10-3
kJ/mol)(298K)(1.4) - - 7.99 kJ/mol
- Proton concentration gradient
39Free-energy change during solute movement across
a voltage gradient
- In mitochondria, electron transport drives proton
pumping from the matrix into the intermembrane
space. - There is no compensating movement of other
charged ions, so pumping creates both a
concentration gradient and a voltage gradient. - This voltage component makes the proton gradient
an even more powerful energy source.
40Membrane Potential
- Dym yin yout0.14 V
- DG -nF Dym-(1)(96485)(0.14 ) - 13.5 kJ/mol
41Proton-motive force
- Proton-motive force (DP) is a Dy that combines
the concentration and voltage effects of a proton
gradient. - DG-nFDP - 2.303 RT DpH nFDym
- (-7.99 kJ/mol)( - 13.5 kJ/mol)
- -21.5 kJ/mol
42ATP synthesis
- Mitochondrial proton gradient as a source of
energy for ATP synthesis - Estimated consumption of the proton gradient by
ATP synthesis is about 3 moles protons per mole
ATP. - DG 50 kJ/mol for ATP synthesis
- DG 50 3(- 21.5) - 14.5 kJ/mol
- The synthesis of ATP is spontaneous under
mitochondrial conditions.
43Potential for a resting nerve cell
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation
- P permeability (???)
- D diffusion coefficient (????)
- t thickness of membrane (????)
44Resting Nerve Cell of a Squid
- Concentrations cell
- ?E(K)-95 mV
- ?E(Na)57 mV
- ?E(Cl-)-67 mV
P(K) /P(Cl-)2 P(K)/P(Na)25 The observed
potential for a resting squid nerve cell is
about -70 mV at 25oC.
45Resting Nerve Cell of a Squid
- The observed potential for a resting squid nerve
cell is about -70 mV at 25oC. - Hence Cl- is in electrochemical equilibrium, but
K and Na are not. - Na continuously flows spontaneously into the
cell and K flows spontaneously out. - Na-K pump
46Batteries
- Secondary batteries Voltaic cells whose
electrochemical reactions can be reversed by a
current of electrons running through the battery
after the discharge of an electrical current. - A secondary battery can be restored to nearly the
same voltage after a power discharge.
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48Lead Storage battery
- Anode reaction
- PbHSO4-? PbSO4H2e-
- Cathode reaction
- PbO2HSO4-3H2e- ? PbSO42H2O
- Cell reaction
- PbPbO2 2H2HSO4-? 2PbSO42H2O
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50Dry Cell Battery
- Anode reaction
- Zn? Zn22e-
- Cathode reaction
- 2NH42MnO22e- ? Mn2O32NH3H2O
- Cell reaction
- 2MnO22NH4ClZn? Zn(NH3)2Cl2 Mn2O3
- H2O
51Alkaline Dry Cell
- Anode reaction
- Zn2OH- ? ZnOH2O2e-
- Cathode reaction
- MnO22H2O2e- ? Mn2O32OH-
- Cell reaction
- MnO2H2OZn? Mn2O3ZnO
52????????
- Anode reaction
- 2H24OH-?4H2O4e-
- Cathode reaction
- 4e-O22H2O ?4OH-
- Cell reaction
- 2H2O2 ? 2H2O
53?????????
- Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
- Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell (PEFC)
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55Corrosion of Iron
56- Anodic Region
- Fe?Fe22e-
- Cathodic Region
- O22H2O4e- ?4OH-
- Overall Reaction
- 4Fe2(aq)O2(g)(42n) H2O(l)
- ?2Fe2O3?nH2O(s)8H(aq)
57Electrolysis
- Electrolytic Cell use electrical energy to
produce chemical change - The process of electrolysis involves forcing a
current through a cell to produce a chemical
change for which the cell potential is negative.
58standard galvanic cell standard
electrolytic cell
ZnCu2?Zn2Cu Zn2Cu?ZnCu2
59Electrolysis of Water
- Anode reaction 2H2O?O24H4e-
- Cathode reaction 4H2O4e-?2H24OH-
- 2H2O ?2H2O2 E0-2.06V
60Electrolysis of Mixture of Ions
- A solution in an electrolytic cell contains the
ions Cu2, Ag and Zn2. - The more positive the E0 value, the more the
reaction has a tendency to proceed in the
direction indicated. - Ag gt Cu2 gt Zn2
61Electrolysis of NaCl/H2O System
- Anode reaction
- 2H2O?O24H4e- -E0-1.23 V
- 2Cl-?Cl22e- -E0-1.36 V
- The Cl- ion is first to be oxidized. A much
higher - potential than expected is required to oxidized
- water. The voltage required in excess of the
- excepted (overvoltage) is much greater for the
- production of O2 than for Cl2.
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63electroplating
64Electrolysis of NaCl
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