Evaluation Questions

1
Evaluation Questions

• Blanks Filling
• Multiple-choice Questions
• Example Test Paper
• Key to Test Paper

2
Fill in the blanks of the following statements
with a proper word or phrase.

• 1 Linguistics is the scientific study of ___.
• 2 To many people, a linguist is the same as a ___
  , one who can speak several Languages fluently.
• 3 In professional usage, the ___ is a scholar who
  studies Language objectively, observing it
  scientifically, recording the facts of Language,
  and generalizing from them.
• 4 ___ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal
  organs of producing the sounds of speech ___
  phonetics studies the way the sounds of speech
  are perceived by the human ear.
• 5 ___ deals with how Language is acquired,
  understood and produced.
• 6 ___ studies the neurological basis of Language
  development and use in human beings.

3

• 7 ___ is concerned with the diversity of Language
  as it relates to various sociological factors.
• 8 ___ is concerned with variation and use in
  relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of
  man.
• 9 The ancient theories of the origin of Language
  were of ____origin.
• 10 The Egyptians considered themselves to have
  the oldest civilization and asserted that the
  original human Language was ___.

4

• 3 The theory that primitive man made involuntary
  vocal noises while performing heavy work has been
  called the ___ theory.
• 4 The theory that primitive man instinctively
  gave vocal expression to every external
  impression has been called the ___ theory.
• 5 A commonly held view among the classic Greeks
  was that at some ancient time there was a ___
  who gave the correct, natural name to everything.
• 6 The theory that Language arose from instinctive
  emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has
  been called the ___ theory.
• 7 The theory that primitive Language was an
  imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries,
  has been called the theory.

5

• 8 The theory that Language arose from human
  beings instinctive need for contact with his
  companion has been called the ___ theory.
• 9 Writing is a secondary Language form based upon
  ___, and Morse code is tertiary, based upon ___.
• 10 The reason why Languages other than our own
  sound like gibberish is because we have not
  mastered the complexity of their ___.
• 11 The symbols are said to be arbitrary because
  they do not ___ what they represent.
• 12 Language is called upon not only for
  communication, but also for ___ and cultural
  ____.

6

• 4 Language is an ___ system of articulated sounds
  made use of by a group of humans as a means of
  carrying on the affairs of their society.
• 3 Language is a purely human and ___ method of
  communicating ideas, emotions and desires by
  means of a ___ of voluntarily produced symbols.
• 5 Language is a system of arbitrary ___ symbols
  which permit all the people in a given culture,
  or other people who have learned the ___ of that
  culture, to communicate or interact.
• 6 The earliest grammar of any Language was ___
  grammar by the Hindu scholar Panini.
• 7 Plato proceeded first to divide the sentence
  into two parts ___ and ___.

7

• 8 The Greek approach to Language was taken over
  by the ___ and applied with little change to
  their Language ___.
• 9 The first major new development in linguistics
  until the 13th century was ___ grammar.
• 10 The 15th and 16th centuries were marked by the
  ___ of views of Language and an increased
  awareness of the ___ among Languages.
• 11 In the 17th century the Port royal Grammarians
  stressed the ___ of thought.
• 12 The beginning of modern linguistics was from
  the late 18th and early 19th century when the ___
  method was developed and established.

8

• 3 Chomskys theory of generative grammar
  revolutionized work in linguistics in 1957, with
  the publication of his book ___.
• 4 Saussures exposition of ___ analysis led to
  the school of ___ linguistics which developed
  around the work of Leonard Bloomfield in America.
• 5 A Language is responsive to the ___ forces that
  shape history.
• 6 The Language of Britain was ___ when the Romans
  invaded the land in 55 and 54 BC.
• 7 The Celtic Language was influenced by ___
  during the roman occupation after AD 44.
• 8 The three Teutonic groups established in
  England by the successive invasions after AD 450
  were ___, ___ and __.

9

• 9 As a result of the Norman Conquest of 1066,
  vast quantities of ___ words were added to the
  English vocabulary.
• 10 The most memorable writing in the Middle
  English period was ___ by Geoffrey Chaucer.
• 11 As Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the
  English Language established a uniform standard
  for ___ and word use, so Bishop Lowths and other
  grammarians works standardized English ___.
• 12 Speech takes place when the organs of speech
  move to produce a pattern of ___. These movements
  have an effect on the ___ coming from the lungs.
• 13 When sounds are produced, the air-stream sent
  out from the lungs passes through the ___
  contained in the larynx.

10

• 14 If the glottis is wide open, the air passes
  freely through the cords, but if it is narrowed,
  the presence of the air causes the cords to
  vibrate, producing ___ sounds.
• 15 A sound which is made with the glottis wide
  open is called a ___ sound.
• 16 Consonant sounds can be either ___ or ___,
  while all vowel sounds are ___.
• The shape of the ___ and ___ cavities can be
  changed, and each change produces a different
  sound.

11

• 3 The differences between the vowel in the word
  tea and the vowel in the word two is that the
  first is made with the lips ___ and the front of
  the tongue humped, and the second is made with
  the lips ___ and the back of the tongue humped.
• 4 In the case of vowel sounds, the pharynx and
  the mouth cavities are changed by the shape and
  position of the ___ and the ___.
• 5 The sounds t, d, p, and b are made when the ___
  in the mouth is suddenly opened and the air
  allowed to escape in a little puff or explosion.
• 6 Consonant sounds can also be made when two
  organs of speech in the mouth are brought close
  together so that the air is pushed out between
  them, causing___.

12

• 7 The sounds f and v are the result of air
  escaping under friction between the lower ___ and
  upper ___.
• 8 All English sounds except me, n, and ny are
  made with the soft palate ___.
• 9 When the ___ is raised, the air cannot escape
  through the nose and the sounds ma, n, and ng
  cannot be made.
• 10 ___ sounds are produced by a radical
  constriction at some point in the vocal tract.
• 11 ___ sounds are produced by lowering the velum.
• 12 ___ sounds are produced by vibrating the vocal
  cords.
• 13 ___ sounds are produced by increasing the
  muscular effort in the lower jaw.
• 14 ___ sounds are produced b y maintaining the
  airflow in the vocal cavity (but not in the nasal
  cavity).

13

• 3 The qualities of vowels depend upon the
  position of the ___ and the lips.
• 4 ___ sounds are produced by retracting the body
  of the tongue from the neutral position.
• 5 Vowels can be described by referring to the
  part of the tongue which is at the highest point
  in the mouth. If the front of the tongue is at
  the highest point near the hard palate, a ___
  vowel is produced. If the back of the tongue is
  at the highest point near the soft palate, a ___
  vowel is produced.
• 6 Vowels produced between the positions for a
  front vowel and a back vowel are called ___ vowel.

14

• 7 One element in the description of vowels is the
  part of the tongue which is at the highest point
  in the mouth. A second element is the ___ to
  which that part of the tongue is raised.
• 8 If the tongue is raised as high as possible in
  the mouth, without causing friction, the vowel
  which results is a ___ vowel.
• 9 If the tongue is placed as low as possible in
  the mouth, the vowel which results is an ___
  vowel.
• 10 The position of the lips also has an effect on
  vowel quality. If the lips are drawn together so
  that the opening between them is round, we have a
  ___ vowel. If the lips are not drawn together,
  the vowel is ___.
• 11 If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of
  speech remain in one position without moving to
  another, the result is a ___ vowel. If the organs
  of speech start in the position for one vowel and
  then immed8iately glide to the position of
  another, the result is a ___.

15

• 12 A single impulse of breath from the lungs
  accompanied by voicing is known as a ___.
• 13 Diphthongs are represented by two symbols in
  phonetic transcription, the first shows the
  position of the organs of speech at the ___ of
  the glide, and the second shows their approximate
  position at the ___ of the glide.

16

• 3 If the tongue produces a diphthong by moving
  from a more open position to a more closed
  position in the mouth, the diphthong is known as
  ___ diphthong.
• 4 If the movement of the tongue in making a
  closing diphthong is small, the diphthong which
  results is called a ___ diphthong.
• 5 In the case of closing diphthongs the ___
  letter indicates the point towards which the
  glide is made. The point towards which the glide
  is made is ___ necessarily reached. Such
  diphthongs sound quite ___ if the organs of
  speech perform only part of the maximum
  permissible movement.
• 6 The diphthongs made with a movement of the
  tongue towards the center are known as ___
  diphthongs.

17

• 7 Consonants are characterized in pronunciation
  by ___ of the air-stream in the vocal tract.
• 8 Labial refers to the use of the ___ in the
  process of articulating a sound.
• 9 Alveolar refers to the ___ behind the top
  teeth.
• 10 Palatals are sounds articulated by the ___ of
  the tongue against the ___ palate.
• 11 Velars are sounds articulated by the ___ of
  the tongue against the ___ palate.
• 12 78. A nasal is produced by the release of air
  through the ___.
• 13 A stop with a fricative release is called ___.
• 14 A ___ is formed by an obstacle placed in the
  middle of the mouth, the air being free to escape
  at one or both sides.

18

• 4 Language may be defined as systematized
  sequences of vocal ___ that carry meaning to all
  members of a given cultural group.
• 5 Those who are interested in all possible
  variantions of sound are called___.
• 3 A sound produced in the larynx by closing off
  the air-stream in the glottis is called ___.
• 6 Those who are interested primarily in
  distinctive sounds are called___.
• 7 A phoneme is a group of similar sounds
  called___.
• 8 The sounds k and g are in distinctive
  opposition in English and they are themselves
  distinctive sounds or ___.

19

• 9 An aspirated p, an unaspirated p, and an
  unreleased p are ___ of the p ___.
• 10 The contrast between k and g enables us to
  distinguish between words which would otherwise
  by ___.
• 11 Conventionally a phoneme is put in ___ while
  an allophone is put in ___ brackets.
• 12 The sounds and the meaning of a word are ___.
• 13 Morphology is the study of word ___ and the
  internal ___ of words.
• 14 The most elemental grammatical units in a
  Language are ___.
• 15 Morphemes may b e classified as ___ or free.

20

• 16 Some morphemes are ___ in that they must be
  joined to other morphemes, and are always parts
  of word and never words by themselves. Other
  morphemes are ___ in that they need not be
  attached to other morphemes.
• 17 Bound morphemes may be subdivided into ___ and
  ___ morphemes.

21

• 3 A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and
  pronouns belongs to ___ class, while the
  largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and
  adverbs belongs to ___ class.
• 4 Scholars in the Middle Ages applied the
  Greco-Latin model to their own Languages with
  little difficulty because of the close ___
  between their own Languages and Greek Latin as
  well as their similarities in ___.
• 5 Certain basic ___ originated from traditional
  grammar are an inescapable part of any approach
  to Language analysis.
• 6 ___ analysis is a basic technique in
  traditional grammar and is still in use in all
  modern approaches to linguistics.

22

• 7 Traditional grammarians adopted the practice of
  presenting a ___ of a typical verb from each
  conjugation and letting it serve as a model for
  other verbs in the ___.
• 8 Traditional grammar has remained strongly ___
  in its approach.
• 9 Traditional grammarians used the method of ___
  to describe sentences structure.
• 10 Customarily, traditional grammarians begin
  with ___ definition of the sentence and its
  components.
• 11 Structural grammar placed great emphasis on
  analyzing the ___ system of Language.
• 12 Saussure held that a Language may be viewed as
  a self-contained systemthat is, a set of ___
  structures.

23

• 13 Sussure described ___ study as slicing through
  the trunk of a tree to study the arrangement of
  rings. ___ study was then seen as tracing the
  development of the rings by comparing two
  synchronic slices.
• 14 Saussure saw synchronic studies as logically
  ___ to diachronic studies.
• 15 Having discovered great variety among North
  American Languages, Boas was quickly convinced
  that each Language had to be described in terms
  of its own ___ system.

24

• 3 Bloomfield (1933) and Fries (1940), two of the
  best-known structural linguists, believed in the
  need for scientific ___ in linguistic
  description.
• 4 The structuralisms focused their attention on
  describing the ___ of the spoken Language because
  they felt that ___ in Language was too messy to
  deal with in an objective manner.
• 5 The structural grammar recognizes the
  fundamental difference between ___ words and ___
  words.
• 6 In structural grammar, distributional analysis
  is used to define ___, which are taken as the
  basic building blocks of Language.
• 7 ___ Grammar is a finite set of rules and
  principles for capturing the regularities in the
  Language.

25

• 8 K-terminal string is the ___ string of the
  derivation.
• 9 Referring to distinguishing between ___ and
  ___, the point is that we must distinguish
  between what it can do (under ideal
  circumstances) and what it is actually doing (in
  the given circumstances of the moment).
• 10 According TG grammarians, perhaps the most
  important fact about the sentences of human
  Languages is that all sentences have both a ___
  structure and a ___ structure.
• 11 The phrases-structure rules, in conjunction
  with lexical insertion rules, generate a ___
  structure. Next, the transformational rules apply
  to change the basic structure into a structure
  representation.
• 12 Transformational rules do not change the basic
  __ of sentences.

26

• 13 In order to prevent unacceptable sentences
  from being generated, it is necessary to impose
  certain ___ on the power of transformations.
• 14 120 In TG Grammar, the syntactic component
  provides the ___ for a sentence, whereas the
  phonological component provides the ___ of the
  sentence and the semantic component provides its
  ___.

27

• 3 The study of the linguistic meaning of words,
  phrases, and sentences is called ___.
• 4 When different words are pronounced the same
  but have different forms, they are called ___.
• 5 Not only do Languages contain different words
  that sound the same but have different meanings,
  they also contain words that sound different but
  have the same or nearly the same meanings. Such
  words are called ___.
• 6 ___ are written identically but sound
  differently.
• 7 Two words that are opposite in meaning are __
  .
• 8 Some sentences are ambiguou8s because they have
  both a literal meaning and a non-literal meaning.
  The non-literal meaning is also called ___
  meaning.

28

• 9 The conjoining of contradictory terms is
  called___.
• 10 ___ is a form of comparison in which an exact
  name for something is replaced by a term closely
  associated with it.
• 11 ___ attributes human qualities to objects or
  ideas.
• 12 The study of ___ holding between individual
  lexical items in the elaboration of a theory of
  structural semantics by ___ is a great
  contribution to semantics.
• 13 ___ refers to a relation between two words, in
  which the meaning of one of the words includes
  the meaning of the other word.
• 14 Under antonymy, a distinction is sometimes
  made between pairs like male and female, and
  Paris like big and small, according to whether or
  not the words are ___.

29

• 15 A person who is not male must be female, but
  something that is not big is not necessarily
  small, it may be somewhere between the two sizes.
  Male and female are called ___ big and small are
  called ___ antonyms.
• 16 Presupposition refers to the ___ that must by
  met in order for the intended meaning of a
  sentence to be regarded as acceptable.
• 17 Entailment means that the meaning of one
  sentence is ___ in that of another.
• 18 Contradiction means if one sentence is true,
  the other must be ___.
• 19 Sentences that violate possible semantic
  relations are said to be ___.

30

• 3 The __ act is the actual uttering of a sentence
  with a particular meaning the ___ act is the
  intent that the speaker has in uttering the
  sentence and the ___ act is the result achieved
  in uttering the sentence.
• 4 The study of Language use and its relation to
  Language structure and social context is termed
  ___.
• 5 ___ is a theory of communication in which the
  sender sequentially encodes the information to be
  communicated into a signal that travels to a
  receiver, who then sequentially decodes it to
  recover the original message.
• 6 Communication is also a social affair, usually
  taking place within the __ of a fairly well
  defined social situation.

31

• 7 Likewise, Message Model portrays Language as a
  bridge between speaker and hearer whereby
  private ideas re communicated by public
  sounds, which thereby function as the ___ for
  communicating the relevant massage.
• 8 The process of converting a message into a
  signal by means of which it can be communicated
  to other individuals is called ___.
• 9 The process of converting a signal in some
  communication system back into the original
  message is termed ___.
• 10 We sometimes speak ___ that is, we sometimes
  intend to perform one communicative act by means
  of performing another communicative act.

32

• 11 We often speak ___ that is, we do not mean
  what our words mean.
• 12 ___ is the quickest and the most efficient of
  the three human comm7unication systems.
• 13 ___ has often been viewed as reflection of
  speech.
• 14 The first form of communication was probably
  ___.
• 15 Chinese writing utilizes a system of
  characters, each of which represents the
  meaning of a ___.
• 16 ___ is the only major Language that uses a
  syllabic writing system.
• 17 The term sound-writing is sometimes used in
  place of __ writing.
• 18 A gesture is a ___ manipulation that is
  neither verbal nor ___ but is communicative.

33

• 19 The study of the positioning and movement of
  the body and its parts during conversation is
  called ___.
• 20 The modulation of the voice in communication
  is called ___.
• 21 The study of the space maintained between two
  speakers in conversation is called ___.
• 22 Language is the sum total of the structures
  available to the speaker, while style concerns
  the characteristic ___ in a given context.
• 23 ___ choice is usually regarded as a matter of
  form or expression. But this view is misleading,
  for writers obviously choose __too.
• 24 The difference between My twenty-three-year-old
  brother is a bachelor and My twenty-three-year-ol
  d brother is unmarried is ___ , not ___.

34

• 25 To speak of style as choice, one must
  recognize not only that there is ___ of choice,
  but also that there are ___ on choice.
• 26 Style is sometimes regarded as a ___ with
  respect to a norm.

35

• 3 The ___ is away of writing, a manner of
  expressing ones thoughts and feelings in words.
  It is like the ___ of grain in a piece of wood.
• 4 A mans way of writing will be an expression of
  his personality and his way of looking at ___.
  The ___ reveals the man.
• 5 ___ is often used to mean good, clear English.
  Bad writing is caused not so much mistakes in
  grammar as by weakness in ___.

36
For each blank there are four
choices marked a, B, C and D. Choose ONE that
correctly completes the sentence.)

• 1 ___ studies the total stock of morphemes of a
  Language, particularly those
• items which have clear semantic references.
• A. Phonology B. Lexicography C. Lexicology D.
  Morphology
• 2 ___ deals with the way in which a Language
  varies through geographical space.
• A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology
• C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics
• 3 ___ deals with how Language is acquired,
  understood and produced.
• A. Sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics
• C. Neurolinguistics D. Anthropological
  linguistics

37

• 4 ____ deals with Language application to other
  fields, particularly educatrion.
• A. Linguistic geography B. Sociolinguistics
• C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative
  linguistics
• 5 ___ is concerned with the diversity of Language
  as it relates to various sociological factors.
• A. Psycholinguistics B. Nerolinguistics
• C. Anthropological linguistics D.
  Sociolinguistics
• 6 One who can speak several Languages fluently is
  called ___.
• A. a polyglot B. a linguist C. a grammarian D.
  arhetorician

38

• 7. One who is primarily interested in effective
  written or spoken communication is called ___.
• A. a rhetorician B. a polyglot C. a literary
  critic D. a linguist
• 8. Language at first consisted of __ ejaculations
  of pain, fear, surprise, pleasure, anger and so
  on.
• A. rhythmical B. imitative C. expressive D.
  emotional
• 9 Language is ___.
• A. instinctive B. non-instinctive
• C. static D. genetically transmitted

39

• 10 ____ is one who makes value judgments about
  the worth and effectiveness, the literary merit
  of the works of a writers creative imagination.
• A. A rhetorician B. A grammarian C. A literary
  critic D. A linguist

40

• 11 The theory that Language was a kind of song
  without words has been known as the ___ theory.
• A. pooh-pooh B. sing-song C. bow-wow D. yo-he-ho
• 12 The sing-song theory was put forward by the
  great Danish linguist ___.
• A. Otto Jespersen B. Ferdinand de Saussure
• C. John Lyons D. Daniel Jones
• 13 The theory that Language arose from the noise
  made by a group of people engaged in joint labor
  has been known as the ___ theory.
• A. ding-dong B. sing-song C. ye-he-ho D.
  pooh-pooh

41

• 14 The theory that primitive Language was an
  imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries,
  has been called the __ theory.
• A. yo-he-ho B. pooh-pooh C. ding-dong D. bow-wow
• 15 The theory that Language arose from human
  beings instinctive need for contact with his
  companion has been called the ___ theory.
• A. contact B. sing-song C. pooh-pooh D.
  ding-dong

42

• The ta-ta theory is sometimes called the ___
  theory.
• A. musical B. pooh-pooh C. contact D. gesture
• 17. The ___ theory states that Language developed
  from meaningful gestures.
• A. bow-wow B. ta-ta C. ding-dong D.sing-song
• 18 Writing is a secondary Language form based
  upon ___.
• A. speech B. gesture C. emotion D. sounds
• 19 ____ is defined as any regionally or socially
  definable human group identified by shared
  linguistic system.
• A. A speech community B. A race C. A society D.
  A country

43

• 20. ____ means the lack of a logical connection
  between the form of something and its expression
  in sounds.
• A. Ambiguity B. Abstractness C. Arbitrariness D.
  Fuzziness
• 21 The symbols are said to be arbitrary because
  they do not ___ what they represent.
• A. resemble B. mean C. differ from D. change
• 22 By ___ it is meant that something represents
  something else.
• A. sound B. utterance C. symbol D. speech

44

• 23 The fact that ability to speak a Language is
  transmitted from generation to generation by a
  process of learning, and not genetically is
  usually referred to as ___.
• A. performance B. Language acquisition
• C. cultural transmission D. competence

45

• 24. ___ wrote the oldest know grammar of Techne
  Grammatika.
• A. Donatus B. Thrax C. Varro D. Priscian
• 25 The author of Ars Minor is ___.
• A. Thrax B. Priscian C. Saussrue D. Donatus
• 26 The earliest significant work in comparing
  Languages was done by an Englishman ___
• A. Bopp B. Jones C. Rask D. Lowth
• 27 The author of Cours de Linguistique Generale
  is ___.
• A. Donatus B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. Chomsky
• 28 The author of Grammatical Cate4gories is ___.
• A. Priscian B. Varro C. Donatus D. Thrax

46

• 29 Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally
  dates from the of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de
  Saussure.
• A. Syntactic Structure B. Ars Minor
• C. Cours de Linguistique Generale
• 30 Of the following lingustis, ___ should be
  grouped into American School.
• A. Sapir B. Firth C. Jakobson D. Hjelmslev
• 31 Of the following linguists, ___ should be
  grouped into London School.
• A. Firth B. Bloomfield C. Boas D. Trubetzkoy
• 32 Of the following linguists, ___ should be
  grouped into Prague School.
• A. Bloomfield B. Jakobson C. Firth D. Sapir

47

• 33 The Language of Britain was ___ when the
  Romans invaded the land in 55 BC.
• A. Norman French B. English C. Celtic D. Latin
• 34 ___ is the Language of Angles, Saxons and
  Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.
• A. Old Norse B. Celtic C. Middle English D. Old
  English
• 35 ___ invasions established three major groups
  in England Saxons, Angles and Jutes.
• A. Germanic B. French C. Norman D. Roman
• 36 Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer was the
  most memorable writing in the ___ period.

48

• A. Late Modern B. Old English C. Early Modern D.
  Middle English
• 37 The London speech that was illustrated by
  Shakespeares writing was generally termed ___.
• A. Old English B. Late Modern English
• C. Middle English D. Early Modern English
• 38 ___ dictionary established a uniform standard
  for English spelling and word use.
• A. Johnsons B. Lowths C. Johns D. Firths
• 39 ___ century is considered to be the beginning
  of Modern English.
• A. 17th B. 19th C. Johns D. Firths

49

• 40 The great uniformity of Early Modern English
  was the result of several major factors. Which of
  the following should NOT be included?
• A. Introduction of printing press. B. Great
  Vowel Shift.
• C. The spread of London dialect. D. The growing
  literacy.
• 41 The first major new development in linguistics
  until the 13 th century was ___ grammar.
• A. structural B. speculative C. generative D.
  traditional

50

• 42 In the ___ century, the idea that beneath the
  differences all Languages are essentially the
  same in nature surfaced again.
• A. 13th B. 15th C. 18th D. 19th
• 43 The most recognizable differences between
  American English and British English are in ___
  and vocabulary.
• A. structure B. grammar C. usage D.
  pronunciation
• 44 Pitch variation is known as ___ when its
  patterns are imposed on sentences.
• A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice
• 45. The phrarynx refers to the space of cavity
  between the larynx and the end of the ___.
• A. tongue B. hard plate C. soft palate D. vocal
  cords

51

• 46 A sound pronounced with the vocal cords
  vibrating is said to be a ___ sound.
• A. resonant B. voiceless C. voiced D. consonant
• 7 Conventionally a ___ is put in slashes.
• A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
• 48 Sounds are produced by the vibrations of
  moving bodies. When the vibrations of one body
  cause vibrations in another, we get the
  phenomenon known as ___.
• A. resonance B. consonant C. glottal stop D.
  glide
• 49 An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an
  unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.
• A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D.
  allophones

52

• 50 The opening between the vocal cords is
  sometimes referred to as ___.
• A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula
• 51 ___ is formed by a narrowing of the air
  passage at some point so that the air in escaping
  makes a kind of hissing sound.
• A. A plosive B. A fricative C. An affricate D.
  Laetrile

53

• 52 The sounds t and d are made with a closure of
  the tongue with the upper gums or ___.
• A. soft palate B. hard palate C. upper teeth D.
  alveolar ridge
• 53 ___ are sounds articulated by the back of the
  tongue against the soft palate.
• A. Velars B. Labials C. Palatals C. Alveolars
• 54 The sounds s and z are the result of air
  escaping under friction between the tongue and
  ___ before passing through the teeth.
• A. hard palate B. uvula C. alveolar ridge soft
  palate
• 55 Conventionally a ___ is put in slashes.
• A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme

54

• 56 ___ sounds are produced by a radical
  constriction at some point in the vocal tract.
• A. Consonantal B. Vowel C. Continuant D.
  Voiceless
• 57 ___ sounds are produced by retracting the body
  of the tongue from the neutral position.
• A. Front B. Back C. Tense D. Lax
• 58 ___ sounds are produced by increasing the
  muscular effort in the lower jaw.
• A. Nasal B. Lax C. Continuant D. tense
• 59 Saussure drew a distinction between ___ and
  descriptive studies.
• A. historical B. structural C. synchronic d.
  prescriptive

55

• 60 ___ sounds are produced by maintaining the
  airflow in the vocal cavity (but not in the nasal
  cavity).
• A. Consonantal B. Back C. Continuant D. tense
• 61 A ___ consists of a vowel sound, either on its
  own or in the company of one or more consonant
  sounds.
• A. syllable B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
• 62 ___ is a combination of a plosive and a
  fricative.
• A. A stop B. A palatal C. A rolled D. an
  affricate
• 63 A group of two or more consonants together in
  a syllable is called a(n) ___.
• A. arresting cluster B. releasing cluster
• C. consonant cluster D. syllable

56

• 64 In the case of vowel sounds, the ___ and the
  mouth cavities are changed by the shape and
  position of the tongue and lips.
• A. nose B. larynx C. pharynx D. uvula
• 65 The vowel u in fud (food) is ____ vowel.
• A. back B. front C. unrounded D. central
• 66 Vowels that are produced between the positions
  for a from and back vowel are called ___ vowels.
• A. open B. front C. central D. close
• 67 The vowel I in fid and u in fud
  are both ___ vowels.
• A. close B. open C. rounded D. unrounded

57

• 68 The vowel u in fu is a ___ vowel.
• A. open front rounded B. open back rounded
• C. close back unrounded D. close back round
• 69 The vowel I in fi is a ___ vowel.
• A. close front unrounded B. close back unrounded
• C. open front rounded D. close front rounded
• 70 If the tongue produces a diphthong by moving
  from a more open position to a more closed
  position in the mouth, the diphthong is known as
  a ___ diphthong.
• A. narrow B. wide C. closing D. centering

58

• 71 If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of
  speech remain in one position without moving to
  another, the result is a ___.
• A. pure vowel B. close vowel C. diphthong D.
  closing diphthong
• 72 The diphthongs that are made with a movement
  of the tongue towards the center are known as ___
  diphthongs.
• A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering
• 73 /ei/ and /ou/ are both ___ diphthongs.
• A. centering B. wide C. narrow D. closing

59

• 74 the consonant sound /p/ is described as ___.
• A. voiceless bilabial stop B. voiceless alveolar
  stop
• C. voiced bilabial stop D. voiced alveolar stop
• 75 The consonant sound /v/ is described as ___.
• A. voiceless labiodental fricative B. voiced
  interdental fricative
• C. voiced labiodental fricative D. voiced
  affricate
• 76 Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound ___.
• A . /n/ B. /h/ C. /w/ D./j/
• 77 The phoneme is an abstract ___ unit.
• A. phonological B. phonetic C. phonic D.
  grammatical
• 78 The sounds k and g are separate ___.
• A. allophones B. phonemes C. morphemes D.
  allomorphs

60

• 79 those who are interested primarily in
  distinctive sounds are called ___.
• A. polyglots B. polemicists C. phoneticians D.
  grammarians
• 80 A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called
  ___.
• A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D.
  allophones
• 81 ___ is the study of word formation and the
  internal structure of words.
• A. Semantics B. Syntax C. Morphology D.
  Phonology
• 82 The most elemental grammatical units in a
  Language are ___.
• A. phones B. words C. morphemes D. phrases
• 83 The English word modernizers is composed of
  ___ morphemes.
• A. four B. three C. two D. five

61

• 84 Morphemes that represent tense, number,
  gender, case and so forth are called ___
  morphemes.
• A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational
• 85 Morphemes that can occur unattached are
  called ___ morphemes.
• A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational
• 86 Traditional grammarians began with ___
  definition of the sentence and its components.
• A. notional B. structural C. prescriptive D.
  descriptive
• 87 ___ is a basic unit which combines function
  and form.
• A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Grammar D. Tagmeme

62

• 88 Many modern linguists have criticized
  traditional grammarians for adopting a ___
  approach to Language study.
• A. analytical B. descriptive C. prescriptive D.
  pedagogical
• 89 The structural grammar recognizes the
  fundamental difference between ___ and function
  words.
• A. class form words B. class words C. form words
  D. form class words

63

• 90 In structural grammar, distributional analysis
  is used to define ___, which are taken as the
  basic building blocks.
• A. phonemes B. morphemes C. words D. syllables
• 91 The syntactic component provides the ___ for a
  sentence.
• A. lexicon B. structure C. meaning D. sound

64

• 92 ___ are the basic elementary sentences of the
  Language, the stuff from which all else s made.
• A. Simple sentences B. Transforms
• C. Kernel sentences D. Complex sentences
• 93 Application of the transformational rules
  yields ___ structure.
• A. phrase B. deep C. prelexical D. surface

65

• 94 Transformational rules do not change the basic
  ___ of sentences.
• A. meaning B. structure C. form D. sound pattern
• 95 The study of the linguistic meaning of words,
  phrases, and sentences is called___.
• A. phonology B. morphology C. syntax D.
  semantics

66

• 96 ___ are written identically but sound
  differently.
• A. Homographs B. Homophones C. Homonyms D.
  Synonyms
• 97 Cold and hot are called ___ antonyms.
• A. gradable B. complementary C. reversal D.
  converse ness
• 98 Two words that are opposite in meaning are
  called ___.
• A. synonyms B. homonyms C. antonyms D.
  homophones

67

• 99 ___ covers the study of Language use in
  relation to context, and in particular the study
  of linguistic communication.
• A. Semantics B. pragmatics C. Sociolinguistics
  D. Stylistics
• 100 Japanese is the only major Language that uses
  ___ writing system.
• A. a syllabic B. a word-writing C. an alphabetic
  D. a logograph

68
Evaluation Questions

• Part I Knowledge in Linguistics
• Section A Match
• Directions Match each of the following linguists
  in Column A with one of his linguistic views in
  Column B. Write the corresponding letter on your
  answer sheet. (15)
• Column A
  Column B
• .C.K. Ogden I. A. Richards A. Relevance
  Communication
• and Cognition (1986)
• .M. A. K. Halliday B. Syntactic Structures(1957)

69

• .Malinowski C. The Language of the Chinese
• Secrets History of the Mongols (1955)
• .Firth D. How to Do Things With Words(1962)
• .Boas E. A Course in Modern Linguistics(1958)
• .Sapir F. Pragmatics and the Grammar of
• Anaphor A Practical pragmatic
• Reduction of Binding and Control
• Phenomena
• .L. Bloomfield G. Handbook of American India
• Languages

70

• .Harris H. Coral Gardens and Their Magic(1935)
• .Hockett I. Toward a New Taxonomy for
• Pragmatic Inference Q-based and R-
• based Implicature(1984)
• 10. A. N. Chomsky J. Logic and Conversation
• 11. John. Langshaw Austin K. Language(1933)
• 12. Herbert Paul Grice L. Methods in Structural
  Linguistics(1951)
• 13. Dan Sperber Deirdre Wilson M. Papers in
  Linguistics(1957)
• 14. Laurence Horn N. The Meaning of Meaning(1923)
• 15. Stephen Levinson O. Language An Introduction
  to the
• Study of Speech

71
Section B Gap Filling

• Directions Fill in each of the following 20
  blanks with linguistic theories you acquire,
  write your answer on the answer sheet. (20)
• .The seven types of word meaning recognized by G.
  Leech so far are conceptual meaning, connotative
  meaning, social meaning, affective meaning,
  reflected meaning, collocative meaning and _____.
• .The desire features of Language are
  arbitrariness, duality, creativity, and _____.
• .The functions of Language includes informative,
  interpersonal, performative, emotive, phatic,
  recreational and _____.

72

• .The main branches of linguistics should include
  phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, _____
  and pragmatics.
• .The branches of macrolinguistics have
  psycholinguistic, sociolinguistics, _____, and
  computational linguistics.
• .Phonetics is the study of sounds and it can be
  divided into three main areas, which are _____,
  acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.

73

• .The present system of the IPA (International
  phonetic Association) was
• developed in the 1920s by the British
  phonetician _____,who put forward cardinal
  vowels , which are a set of vowel qualities
  arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging.

74

• .The most common model accent of TEFL (Teaching
  of English as a Foreign Language) is referred to
  as _____.
• .Eugene Nida (1964) claims that the five types of
  sub-cultural communication is ecological culture,
  linguistic culture, religious culture, material
  cultural and _____.
• ._____ is the common factor underlying a set of
  forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item, or a
  lexeme.

75

• ._____ studies the internal structure of words,
  and the rules by which words are formed.
• .Apart from compound and derivation, new words
  and expressions are created by invention,
  blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation,
  anological creation and _____.

76

• .The formation of new pronunciation includes
  factors as loss, addition, metathesis and _____.
• .Concerning vocabulary semantic change, there are
  broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class
  shift, _____ and orthographic change.
• .The study of the rules governing the way words
  are combined to form sentences in a Language or
  the study of the formation of sentences is called
  _____.

77

• .The representative approaches to syntax are the
  traditional approach, the structural approach,
  the generative approach and _____.
• .In Saussure's view, Language is a system of
  signs, each of which consists of signified
  (concept) and _____.

78

• .The theory of meaning that relates the meaning
  of a word to the thing it refers to or stands
  for, is known as _____.
• .For componential analysis or sematic components,
  the meaning of the word WOMAN may be analyzed
  into Human, Adult and _____.
• .For Halliday, learning Language is learning to
  _____.

79

• Part II Linguistic Theories
• Section A Multiple Choice
• Directions There are 20 incomplete statements
  concerning linguistic theories, each with four
  choices marked with A, B, C, and D. Choose the
  one you think appropriate. Write your choice on
  the answer sheet. (20)
• The author of Semantics (1974) is______.
• A. R. Firth
• B. G. Leech
• C. Bloomfield
• D. N. Chomsky

80

• .Of the following linguists, _____ should be
  grouped into American Structuralism.
• A. E. Sapire
• B. R. Firth
• C. M. A. K. Halliday
• D. K. Pike
• .Communicative Dynamism (CD) is of _____ theory.
• A. E. Sapire
• B. R. Boas
• C. B. Malinowski
• D. J. Firbas

81

• .Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist
  _____, who is often described as father of
  modern linguistics.
• .L. Bloomfield
• .N. Chomsky
• .J. Lyons
• .F. D. Saussure

82

• .V. Mathesius (1882-1946) launched_____.
• A. The Prague school (Circle of linguistics of
  Prague)
• B. The London School
• C. The American Structuralism
• D. The Systemic Grammar

83

• The Prague school is best known for its
  contribution to phonology and the distinction
  between _____.
• .phonetics and phonology
• .performance and competence
• .descriptive and prescriptive
• .synchronic and diachronic

84

• .The principle that the role of each utterance
  part evaluated for its sematic
• contribution is known as _____.
• A. Trireme and Rheme
• B. GSP, SSP. CSP
• C. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)
• D. Communicative Dynamism

85

• 43. The scholarship of the London school was
  developed by _____.
• .Malinowski-Firth-Halliday
• .Firth-Malinowski-Halliday
• .Malinowski-Halliday-Firth
• .Firth-Halliday-Malinowski
• 44. The principal representative of American
  descriptive linguistics is _____.
• .L. Bloomfield
• .E. Sapir
• .L. Whorf
• .R. Boas

86

• 45. Influenced by Bloomfield's Language, Z.
  Harris, C. Hockett, G. Trager,
• H.L. Smith, A. Hill. and R. Hall further
  developed structuralism, known as
• _____.
• .Empiricism
• .Post-Grecian developments
• .American Structuralism
• .Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistics

87

• 46. The publication of _____ marked the beginning
  of Chomskyan Revolution.
• .Syntactic structures (1957)
• .Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965)
• .The Minimalist Program (1955)
• .Minimalist Inquiries The Framework (1988)

88

• 47. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is
  Chomskyan belief on Language as
• _____.
• .Generative grammar
• .The innateness hypothesis
• .The classical theory
• .Hypothesis-deduction

89

• 48. Government and Binding mark the new period of
  TG Grammar, and it
• consists of X-bar Theory, ø-Theory, Bounding
  Theory and _____.
• A. Government Theory, Case Theory
• B. Government Theory, Case Theory, Control
  Theory
• C. Government Theory, Case Theory, Control
  Theory and Binding Theory
• D. Relevance Theory
• 49. Developed in 1960s, The leading Figures of
  Generative Semantics are J. R.

90

• Ross and _____.
• .G. Lakoff, J. D. McCawley, P. Postal
• .G. Lakoff, J. D. McCawley
• .J. D. McCawley, P. Postal
• .G. Lakoff, P. Postal
• 50. Cooperative Principle (CD) has categories of
  Maxims as _____.
• .Quality, Relation
• .Quality, Quantity, Relation
• .Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner
• .Manner, Relation.

91

• 51. Types of syllabus include _____.
• A. structural syllabus, situational syllabus
• B. notional-functional syllabus, communicative
  syllabus
• C. fully communicative syllabus
• D. all of A, B, and C
• 52. According to i 1 principle by Krashen,
  input should be _____.

92

• A. far beyond learners reach that they
  overwhelmed
• B. so close to learners current stage that they
  are not challenged
• C. just far enough beyond their current
  competence they can understand
• most of it, be challenged to more progress.
• D. correct and reasonable.

93

• 53. InterLanguage is _____.
• A. a Language system between target Language and
  native Language
• B. a Language system more or less like target
  Language
• C. a Language system more or less like mother
  tongue
• D. a newly created Language system
• 54. _____ regard errors as evidence of the
  learning process.
• .The structuralist View
• .The post-structuralist view
• .TG grammar
• .InterLanguage

94

• 55. ____ assesses how much a learner has mastered
  the contents of a particular course.
• .An Achievement Test.
• .Diagnostic Test
• .Proficiency Test
• .Aptitudes Test.

95

• Section B Close
• Directions Choose the right word from the
  following list to fill in each of the blanks in
  the passage. Write the corresponding letter on
  your answer sheet. (10)
• WORD LIST
• A. utterances B. native C. writings D.
  reinforcement
• E. description F. method G. experienced H.
  process
• I. linguistics J. Behaviorism K. unique L.
  innate
• M. universal N. infants O. Knowledge P. argues
• Q. study R. nature S. Acquisition T.
  potentialities
• 1.
• N. Chomsky believes that Language is somewhat
  _____56, and

96

• that children are born with what he calls a
  Language _____57 Device (LAD), which is a _____58
  kind of knowledge that fits them for Language
  learning. He _____59 child comes into the world
  with specific innate endowment, not only with
  general tendencies or _____60, but also with
  knowledge of the _____61 of Language. According
  to this view, children are born with _____62 of
  the basic grammatical relations and categories,
  and this knowledge is _____63. The categories and
  the relations exist in all human Language and all
  human _____64 are born with knowledge of them.
  According to him, the _____65 of Language, or the
  structure of Language, can throw some light on
  the nature of the human mind.

97

• 2.
• For L. Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of
  psychology, and specifically of the positivistic
  brand of psychology known as _____66.
  Behaviorism is a principle of scientific _____67,
  based on the belief that human beings cannot know
  anything they have not _____68. Behaviorism in
  _____69 holds that children learn Language
  through a chain of stimulus-response _____70,
  and the adults use of Language is also a _____71
  of stimulus-response. When the behaviorist
  methodology entered linguistics via Bloomfields
  _____72, the popular practice in linguistic
  studies was to accept what a _____73 speaker says
  in his Language and to discard what he says about
  it. This is because of the belief that a
  linguistic _____74 was reliable when based on
  observation of unstudied _____75 by speakers.

98

• Part III Term Translation
• Directions Translate the following linguistic
  terms into Chinese and English respectively. (8)
• 76. narrow transcription
• 77. Firthian phonology
• 78. inferential communication
• 79. loss of sound
• 80. metalinguistics
• 81. minimal attachment theory

99

• 82. mirror maxim
• 83. tu/vous distinction
• 84. ????
• 85. ????
• 86. ????
• 87. ??(??)
• 88. ????
• 89. ????
• 90. ??
• 91????

100

• Part IV Short-answer Questions
• Directions Explain each of the following
  linguistic views in no more than 80 word. Write
  your answers on the answer sheet. (15)
• 92. Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis
• 93. TGs stages of development and the main
  features
• 94. Post-Gricean Development

101

• Part V Essay Question
• Directions Develop ONE of the following topics
  into a 200-300-word essay.(15 )
• 95-1
• The theory of communicative competence and its
  significance in Language learning and teaching.
• 95-2
• Transformational-generative linguistics and its
  significance in Language learning and teaching.

102

• 95-3
• Functional linguistics and its significance in
  Language learning and teaching.
• 95-4
• Input and Language learning

103
Key to the Questions

• Part I
• 35X135
• 1___N__2__C___3__H___4__M___5_G____6_O___7_K__8_L_
  __9__E___10_B 11__D___12_J__13__A___14___I__15__F_
  _
• 16 thematic meaning 17 displacement 18
  metalingual 19 semantics
• 20 anthropological linguistics 21 articulatory
  phonetics 22 Daniel Jones
• 23 Received Pronunciation (RP) 24 social culture
  25 word

104

• 26 Morphology 27 borrowing 28 assimilation 29
  folk etymology 30the referential theory
• 31 the functional approach 32 signifier (sound
  image)
• 33referential theory 34 female 35mean

105

• Part II
• A 20X120
• 36__A__37___A__38__D__ 39__D__ 40__A__
  41___A___42__C____43__A____44__A___45__D_
• 46__A__47_B__ 48__C___49__A___50__C___51___D__
  52___C__ 53__A___ 54__B__ 55___A_
• B 20X0.510
• 56__L__57__S__58__K___ 59__P___ 60__T___61__R__
  62__O____63__M___64__N__ _65__Q_
• 66_J___67__J___68__G___ 69__I___ 70__D___71___H__
  72__C__ _73__B___ 74__E___ 75__A__

106

• Part III
• 16X0.58
• 76 ???? 77?????? 78???? 79 ???? 80????
• 81?????? 82 ???? 83 ?/???
• 84 women register 85 pidgin 86 prepositional
  calculus 87inflection 88 speech perception 89
  phonological variant
• 90solodarity 91 semantic triangle
• Part IV
• 3X515

107

• 92 Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis
• Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that our
  Language will mould our view of the world. It has
  been developed into strong version and weak
  version. The strong version of the theory refers
  to the claim the original hypothesis suggests,
  emphasizing the decisive role of Language as the
  shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version
  suggests that there is a correlation between
  Language, culture and society.

108

• 93. TGs stages of development and the main
  features
• From its birth to the present day, TG has seen
  five stages of development. The Classical Theory
  aims to make linguistics a science. The Standard
  Theory deals with how semantics should be studied
  in a linguistic theory. The extended Standard
  Theory focuses discussion on Language universals
  and universal grammar. The revised Extended
  Standard Theory (GB) focuses discussion on
  government and biding. The lastest is the
  Minimalist Program, a further revision of the
  previous theory.
• Main features of TG Grammar
• Chomskys TG Grammar differs from the structural
  grammar in a number of ways
• )Rationalism

109

• )innateness
• )deductive methodology
• )emphasis on interpretation
• )formalization
• )emphasis on linguistic competence
• )strong generative powers
• )emphasis on linguistic universals
• 94. Post-Gricean Developments
• Post-Gricean Developments refers to the studies
  after H.P. grices theory of conversational
  implicature. It mainly refers to three ideas.

110

• .The relevance theory, proposed by Dan Sperber
  and Deirdre Wilson. (They believe that all
  Gricean maxims, including the CP should be
  reduced to a single principle of relevance, which
  is Every aspect of ostensive communication
  communicates the presumption of its own optimal
  relevance.)
• .The Q-and R-principles developed by Laurence
  Horn.
• .The Q-, I- and M-principles, suggested by
  Stephen Levision.

111

• Part V
• 15
• 95 The theory of communicative co