Grain Processing Methods and Storage Systems [e-mail] nonrum1.wordpress.com

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Grain Processing Methods and Storage
Systemsekowidodo_nmt_at_yahoo.co.idnonrum1.wordpre
ss.com
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Wheat
oat
sorghum
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•  The complete hull consists of a lemma, a palea,
  an awn (tail), a rachilla (grain stem) and two
  sterile lemmas. Once grinded with light force,
  the husk easily breaks itself apart from the
  inner caryopsis. It is inedible but makes up
  approximately 20-25 of the total grain weight
  depending on the variety.
•        The caryopsis (brown rice) consists of
  three fibrous bran tissues- pericarp (or fruit
  coat), tegmen (seed coat) and aleurone- and
  endosperm (hard dough) and embryo.

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• Pericarp consists of three fibrous layers of
  protein, cellulose and hemicellulose.
• Tegmen is next and inner to the pericarp. It
  consists of two-piled tissues with arrays of
  fatty material.
• Aleurone is next and inner to the tegmen. It
  envelops the starchy endosperm and the embryo.
  Aleurone tissue contains high protein and
  partially oil, cellulose and hemicellulose.
• Endosperm, the largest porting of the rice grain,
  is developed from pollination of nucleus of the
  pollen grain and polar nuclei of the pistil. Its
  starchy content comprises of mostly complex
  carbohydrates and some proteins.
• Embryo, the reproductive organ of the grain, is
  one of the two products of the double
  fertilization process- one where nucleus of the
  pollen grain reaches one of the egg cells in the
  pistil. Embryo is rich in protein and fat.

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Structure of the Grain Kernel (Seed)

• Endosperm contains most of the starch
• Germ embryo or the sprouting portion of the
  seed
• High in oil and protein not good flour but it
  is good animal feed
• Bran seed coat and other layers

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Typical Corn vs Optimum High Oil Corn
Typical Corn
OPTIMUM HOC
Endosperm Starch
Embryo Rich in Oil

• Advantages of HOC
• More Energy
• Easier Processing

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Endosperm

• Cells fill with starch granules
• Starch granules are enveloped in a protein matrix
  which impedes digestion of starch
• If we process grain to break open the granule,
  can increase the digestion of starch
• Grains differ in rumen fermentability largely due
  to the nature of the endosperm and protein matrix
  surrounding the granules
• Less difference in intestinal digestibility

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Grains for Ruminants

• Small cereal grains have very fermentable starch
  and may actually be dangerous
• Corn is lower in fermentability and is usually
  processed to increase starch fermentability
• Grain sorghum or milo is lowest must be
  processed

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Grain Processing

• Grains often processed prior to inclusion in
  feeds
• Alters feeding characteristics in predictable ways

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Altering the Physical Form of Grains

• 1) Dry
• Whole slow
• Ground
• Pelleted
• Rolled
• Steam flaked
• Meal fast

1. Decrease particle size
2. Increase intake
3. Increase digestibility
4. Increase starch availability

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Grain Processing

• Physical interrupt the seed coat
• Expose grain to digestive enzymes
• Make more palatable
• Heating starch swells and gelatinization occurs
• Granules burst
• Gelatinized starch is more digestible
• advantage of physical processing is with
  small, hard grains and/or thick seed coat grains
• advantage of heating is with less fermentable
  grains corn and milo

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Methods Dry Processing

• Grinding hammer mill and screens anywhere
  from coarse to fine particle size
• Creates considerable amounts of fines

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Problems with Fine Ground Feeds

• Dusty feed
• Wind loss
• Stomach ulcers (erosion of GT wall) in swine
• Acidosis in ruminants
• Therefore want a medium grind for swine and
  coarse grind for cattle
• Processing is expensive it is usually more
  cost-effective when grains are expensive

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MECHANISM AND SYMPTOMS of Acidosis

• Cattle and sheep have a large fore-stomach, the
  rumen, which contains a stable population of
  microorganisms. These microorganisms derive
  energy mainly by fermenting the carbohydrates
  which the host animal ingests. The events
  leading to acidosis occur when the animals diet
  is suddenly changed from forage to concentrate
  (high in starch or other rapidly fermentable
  carbohydrates), or when it is fed excessive
  amounts of such concentrates.

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• Furthermore glucose, normally found in extremely
  low concentrations in the rumen, is liberated
  from starch or other rapidly fermented
  carbohydrates, resulting in increased ruminal
  glucose concentrations. This has negative
  consequences including growth of organisms such
  as Streptococcus bovis and other lactic acid
  producing organisms, and increased ruminal
  osmolality, which further increases ruminal
  acidity by inhibiting VFA absorption from the
  rumen. As the rate of VFA production exceeds
  their rate of removal, rumen pH may fall below
  6.0.

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• Acidosis is categorized as acute or subacute
  primarily on the basis of presence or absence of
  various symptoms. Symptoms of acute acidosis
  include anorexia, rumen stasis, rumenitis,
  diarrhea, dehydration, laminitis and liver
  abscesses. Rumen lactic acid levels will also be
  high with a concomitant drop in pH. The
  above-mentioned changes in rumen microbial
  population, as well as a reduction or complete
  absence of ciliated protozoa will also be evident.

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Methods Dry Processing

• Dry rolling pass between two rollers turning in
  opposite directions get a crack or a coarse
  grind
• Can adjust closeness of the rollers for some
  adjustment of fineness of grind
• Corrugated rollers used to crush hull to increase
  starch digestibility

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Other Methods Dry Processing

• Micronize microwave to 300o F (especially done
  with milo)
• Roasting 300o F puffed grain
• Extruded heat pressure ribbons or flakes
• Pellet (or cube) grind, mix with binder and
  pass through dies of various sizes
• Can combine various feedstuffs

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Methods Wet Processing

• Tempering
• Add water and allow to soak for 18 to 24 hours
  before feeding some swelling of starch
• Sometimes add a tempering agent aids in the
  uptake of water
• Probably most benefit with small, hard kernels
  (barley and wheat)
• softens kernel
• process without excess fines

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Wet Processing

• Reconstitution
• Harvest grain at low moisture (12-15 moisture)
• Add water to dry grain to bring moisture content
  to 30
• Grain is stored for 21 days in air-tight
  environment
• Rolled or ground prior to feeding
• Usually does not equal high moisture grain
• Used most commonly with milo due to protein
  matrix surrounding starch molecules

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Methods Wet Processing

• Steam rolled
• Steam for 1 to 8 minutes get very little
  gelatinization not much different than dry
  rolled
• Steam flaked
• Steam for 15 to 30 minutes, then roll into a
  flake
• Probably the most extreme treatment and most
  improvement in digestion
• Final product 18-20 moisture
• Low bushel weight (24-26 lbs)

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Relative Feeding Values

• Feed Efficiency
• Whole Corn 100
• High moisture corn 105
• Steam flaked corn 103
• Dry rolled wheat 95
• Steam flaked wheat 101

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Grain Storage

• Moisture is the major factor involved in grain
  storage
• Need to have dry feeds for bin or shed storage
• Small grains whole 12 moisture
• Corn whole 14 moisture
• Ground grains (or with gt12 broken kernels) 11
  moisture
• Note grains will need to be drier if insects
  are a problem also can fumigate
• These values depend on humidity, temperature and
  air flow

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Grain Storage

• Higher moisture levels cause
• Heating
• Caking
• Mold
• Produce mycotoxins, cause reduced performance,
  poor feed efficiency, diarrhea, liver disease,
  infertility, abortion, poor immune functions
• These effects can be a problem for humans, some
  are carcinogenic

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Grain Storage

• Important molds found in grains
• Ergot, clavicep purpurea
• Very potent toxin that accumulates in the animal,
  especially in cereal grains (triticale), zero
  tolerance
• Aspergillus flavis, produce aflatoxin (a
  mycotoxin)
• Extremely common mold, often causes deleterious
  effects in livestock including liver disease
• Fusarium fungus produces zearalanone and
  vomitoxin (also known as DON)

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Grain Storage

• Steps to prevent molds/mycotoxins
• Moisture test, reject any grain which is too wet
  or that you cant dry (15 moisture or your known
  moisture content for your storage)
• Obtain a sample and analyze any suspect grains
  for mycotoxins
• Keep equipment clean and mold free dont
  contaminate clean grain!

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Grain Storage

• Amount of mold (except ergot) to tolerate
• lt 10 damage is probably safe
• 10 to 40 damage is risky
• gt40 damage absolutely not
• Do not feed to young, growing animals or to
  reproducing animals (toxins can kill the embryos)

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Grain Storage Cost Considerations

• 2 reduction in price for each moisture point
  over permissible level
• Lower level of DM (dont pay for water)
• Storage loss or cost of drying

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Grain Storage

• Alternatives (to dry grain)
• Longer field drying
• Solar drying
• Preservatives
• 0.5 propionic acid protects grains up to 24
  moisture
• Microbial inoculants seems to be effective
• Both also extend bunk life
• High moisture grain storage
• Actually, high moisture grains have superior
  feed value (feed efficiency)

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High Moisture Grain

• 22 to 35 moisture
• As with silage need airtight structure for
  anaerobic fermentation
• Coarsely grind, pack in air-tight silo for
  fermentation
• Can be stored whole, then rolled upon removal
  from silo
• pH dropped to 4 or less, stops bacteria growth
  and product preserved
• increases palatability
• Faster fermentation
• More soluble nutrients
• Can expel oxygen with lower water content acids
  concentrate faster

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High Moisture Grain

• Advantages
• Early harvest reduce field loss shattering,
  lodging, hail, bird, deer
• No artificial drying needed
• Bunker may be lower storage cost
• Corn less risk of frost damage
• increased feed efficiency

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High Moisture Grain

• Disadvantage
• Grain must be stored immediately does not allow
  much buying and selling
• Must be fed to livestock
• Must be stored air tight
• Handle more weight because of water