Environmental Legislation

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Environmental Legislation Regulations

• Professor Natalie Carroll
• ASM 336
• September 18, 2005

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Who governs environmental laws and policies?

• US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The
  governing body for major statues or laws
• National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)-1969
  establishes policies, set goals and facilitate
  the implementation of such policies
• NEPA requires federal agencies to assess
  environmental impact of implementing their major
  program (Work with NASA Army)

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Positive Aspects of Regulations

• Protection of the Environment

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Concerns about Regulations

• Structured so costs excessive compared to
  benefits.
• Command-and-control
• US Free Market Choice
• Uneven application of regulations
• Lack properly structured incentives
• Generate inefficiencies
• Paper work, costs
• Duplicative (Federal, State, etc)

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Environmental Regulations

• Clean Air Act (CAA)-1970
• Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)-1974
• Clean Water Act (CWA)-1977
• Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA)
  -1976
• Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)-1980
• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide Rodenticide Act
  (FIFRA) -1972
• Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) -1996

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Clean Air Act (CAA) - 1970

• Diesel Engines
• Odor

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Safe Drinking Water Act

• Protect nations sources of drinking water
• Protect public health through treatment
  techniques
• MCLs Maximum Contaminant Level
• Protect underground sources of drinking water
• Well Head protection areas

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Clean Water Act (1972)

• Water Pollution Control
• Restore maintain chemical, physical and
  biological integrity of the nations waters
• Community sewers
• NPS pollution control (TMDLs!!!)
• National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
  (NPDES)

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Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA)

• Hazardous Waste
• Underground tanks
• Control Solid Waste
• Regulation of facilities which burn waste

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Comprehensive Environment Response, Compensation
and Liability Act (CERCLA)

• Also known as the Superfund
• Establish a Hazardous Substance
• Superfund
• Establish regulations controlling hazardous
  waste sites
• Provide liability for hazardous waste release
  from inactive sites

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Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
(SARA)-1986

• Revise and extends CERCLA
• Emergency planning preparedness, community
  right-to-know reporting and toxic chemical
  release reporting
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA)

• Regulates the use and safety of pesticides
  products and features
• Classification and certification of pesticide by
  specific use
• Evaluation of risk posed by pesticides (Required
  for registration)
• Restriction of use of pesticides harmful to the
  environment
• Enforcement of requirements through inspections,
  labeling, notices and state regulations
• Groundwater management plan

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Additional Regulations

• Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
• -establishes wild and scenic river system
• Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
• - balanced preservation development in
  coastal areas
• Endangered Species Act
• - conserve endangered and threatened species

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Additional Regulations

• Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act
• - regulates dumping of all types of materials
  into ocean
• Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA)
• - sets up toxic substances program
• - EPA can require manufacturers to collect
  data on effects of their substance
• National Historic Prevention Act
• -preserve, restore and maintain cultural
  resources

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Additional Regulations

• Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) -1970
• Oil Pollution Act (OPA)-1990
• Endangered Species Act (ESA)-1973

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• The following slides were taken from a
  presentation given by Dr. Thomas L. Theis,
  Director of the Institute for Environmental
  Science and Policy, University of Illinois at
  Chicago. September 13, 2005, Purdue University
• Seminar title Environmental Manufacturing
  Management A New Approach to Sustainability

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CONTEXT

• We Have Been Altering the Environment for a Long
  Time but are Just Beginning to Take
  Responsibility
• Environmental Issues are Not Just More Global,
  but More Complex
• Firms are Increasingly Being Held Responsible for
  Environmental and Social Externalities With Which
  They are Associated

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• Sustainability Requires a Different Way of
  Thinking About How We Interact Within the
  Environment That
• Stresses integration of our needs with those of
  our progeny
• Views the natural world as a constrained system
• Sees humanity as part of a symbiotic relationship
  with the world
• Recognizes the value of ecosystem services
• Understands the need to make decisions within a
  holistic framework

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HISTORICAL APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
ERA TIME FRAME PRIMARY ACTIVITY PRIMARY FOCUS ENDPOINT ENVIRON- MENTAL VS. ECONOMICS CONCEPTUAL MODEL DISCIPLINARY APPROACH
Pre-Regulatory (lt 1965) Past Simple Controls / Burial Specific Site, End-of-Pipe Visual / Navigability Overhead Largely Voluntary Insular -Reductionist
Regulatory (1965- 1990) Past / Present Compliance / Remediation Specific Site, End of Pipe Reduce Anthropo- centric Risk Negative Profit Command-and- control Environmental Sciences / Engineering -Interdisciplinary
Global (gt 1990) Present / Future Industrial Ecology / Design for Environment Materials, Manufacturing, Products, Services Over Life Cycle Waste Minimization / Global Sustainability Strategic Systems Approach Physical / Chemical / Biological Sciences Architecture Law Ethics Urban Planning -Integrative

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Traditional (Compliance) Perspective
Final product and residuals measured at the
factory, in terms of materials production.
Residuals Waste pollution
Raw materials
Finished material
Raw materials
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Systems (Optimization) Perspective
Final product is measured in terms of service,
rather than material, at end of chain rather
than in middle.
Film paper production
Exposure (Capture)
Storage
Film developing printing
Final Product
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DRIVING FORCES

• Accelerated Costs of Environmental Compliance
• Legislation Focused on Product and Socially
  Responsible Stewardship
• New, More Efficient Processing Technologies
• Application of Life Cycle Analysis and Total Cost
  Accounting
• Ability to Measure More Accurately the Impacts of
  Waste Emissions

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USEPA Policy Statement

• to move the Nation from a waste-oriented to a
  life cycle management way of thinking about
  materials. (USEPA Strategic Plan, 2003-2008, p.
  60)

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QUESTIONS ???