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The term LASER is an acronym for the Light Amplification by

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Title: The term LASER is an acronym for the Light Amplification by


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  • The term LASER is an acronym for the Light
    Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

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Definition of Laser
  • (from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia web
    page is)
  • LASER? is an optical source that emits
    photons in a coherent beam. Laser light is
    typically near-monochromatic, i.e. consisting of
    a single wavelength or hue, and emitted in a
    narrow beam. This is in contrast to common light
    sources, such as the incandescent light bulb,
    which emit incoherent photons in almost all
    directions, usually over a wide spectrum of
    wavelengths. Laser action is understood by
    application of quantum mechanics and
    thermodynamics theory.
  • The verb "to lase" means "to produce coherent
    light" or possibly "to cut or otherwise treat
    with coherent light".

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  • LASER can be considered to be a form of light
    amplifier,
  • it behave according to the basic laws of light
    and it has the next characteristics
  • - it travels in straight lines with a constant
    velocity in space
  • - it can be located inside the electromagnetic
    spectrum according to its wavelength or
    frequency
  • - it present a particular chromatic purity
  • - it can be transmitted
  • - it can be reflected
  • - it can be refracted
  • - it can be absorbed
  • - it has the capacity of transmitting energy
    without loss through the air, it present a
    spatial and temporal coherence
  • - the LASER can be used both as unitary impulses
    and under continuous form.

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  • The LASER beam was invented by the physicist
    MAIMAN in 1960
  • Soon after this discovery, it has been regarded
    as one of the most influential technological
    achievements of the 20th century
  • rapidly appeared a range of utilization for it
    from microscopic diode lasers, and the use in
    endoscopy and surgery technologies or like
    bar-code readers at supermarket check-outs or
    football field sized neodynium glass lasers used
    for inertial confinement fusion.

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  • "a solution looking for a problem"

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Classification of lasers (1, 2 3A, 3B and 4)
according to the degree of potential hazard
  • Class 1 devices are considered to be safe and no
    special precautions need to be taken when using
    them.
  • Class 1 devices include bar-code readers, CD
    players and laser pointers.
  • Class 4 devices are the most hazardous and
    require strict safety procedures to ensure their
    safe use. Such devices include surgical lasers.
  • Most therapeutic lasers are class 3B devices.

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List with Laser utilization
  • Spectroscopy,
  • Photochemistry,
  • Laser cooling,
  • Nuclear fusion,
  • Microscopy,
  • Military purpose defensive applications,
    satellites, target designator,
  • Holographic techniques,
  • Geology, seismology,
  • Astronomy telescopes
  • Biochemistry domein,
  • Laser pointers,
  • Guidance systems guidance for aircraft,
  • Industrial and commercial purpose cutting and
    peening of metals and other material, engraving
    of printing plates,
  • Sisteme de ghidare îndrumare si conducere de la
    sol pentru traficul aerian,
  • LIDAR for pollution monitoring,
  • Optical communications (over optical fiber or in
    free space),
  • 3D laser scanners,
  • In consumer electronics to store and retrieve
    data in compact discs and DVDs and
    magneto-optical discs CD player, DVD player,
  • etc.

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LASER in medical domain
  • Dermatology removing tattoos, scars, stretch
    marks, sunspots, wrinkles, birthmarks, and hairs,
  • Dental procedures caries removal,
    endodontic/periodontic procedures, tooth
    whitening, and oral surgery,
  • Endoscopies,
  • Eye Surgery,
  • "No-Touch" removal of tumors, especially of the
    brain and spinal cord,
  • Photocoagulation,
  • Angioplasty and mechanisms of laser
    revascularization,
  • Fluorescence spectroscopy,
  • Electrocauterization,
  • Gynecological, urology (Lithotripsy), for
    laparoscopic interventions,
  • Acupuncture,
  • Physiotherapy,
  • Etc.

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Spectral output of several categories by type of
LASER
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Common several types of laser types with a
spectral output
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Types of medical lasers, according the intensity
of emission
  • a) Power LASER - it has a strong emission, is
    only used in surgery they are used to cut,
    coagulate and evaporate tissues, they can replace
    the scalpel of the surgeon, this are ,,Hot
    laser, it deliver power up to thousands of
    watts, for removal of unhealthy tissue without
    damaging the healthy tissue that surrounds it.
  • b) Mild LASER - with medium emission, is used for
    treatment of deeper tissues
  • c) Soft LASER - with weak emission, acts only at
    the surface (dermathology).

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More recently have been adopted the terms of
  • Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT),
  • Low Intensity Laser Therapy (LILT).
  • LLLT devices are typically delivering 10mW -200mW
    (0.2 ? 0.01 Watts).

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Until now the LASER biological known effects on
the tissues are
  • - an analgesic effect be the stimulation of the
    endorphin system, a physiological morphinic
    complex present in various areas of the organism,
    especially in the central nervous system.
  • - increase of the temperature and a change in
    tissue structure,
  • - anti-inflammatory action that is noticed in
    arthritis and especially tendonitis cases
  • - spasmolytic effect in local vascular disorders
    in particular
  • - a biostimulating effect in the sense growth
    stimulation of cartilaginous cells of the hyaline
    articular cartilage
  • - shortening of the duration of wound
    cicatrisation
  • - braking effect on proteolytic enzymes and
    stimulation of cell energetic metabolism

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Medical device use in therapy
  • The device use for medical therapy has
  • a single emitter the beam is usually narrow
    (Æ1mm-6 or 7mm) at the source level
  • a cluster of several emitters usually
    incorporate both higher and lower power emitters
    of different wavelengths

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LLLT when applied to the body tissues
  • The generation of heat ?perturb local electron
    orbits ? and the result/ mechanisms on the cell
    membrane
  • Initiate chemical change,
  • Disrupt molecular bonds and
  • Produce free radicals.

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How does LASER work?
  • The LASER effect at the cellular level, in vivo
    situation, is not complete and it is not very
    well know ,
  • studies are conducted for the research of all
    this effects, and it is far away to be completed.

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Several of the exceptional curative effects of
Laser therapy consist of
  • Increased cell metabolism
  • Altered cell motility, cell membrane potentials,
    cell potentials and proliferation,
  • Activation of phagocytes,
  • Increased cellular metabolism,
  • Improved localized blood circulation
  • Development of collagen and muscle tissue
  • Relief from acute and chronic pain
  • Reduced localized inflammation and edema
  • Stimulation for wound healing and tissue repair
  • Stimulation of the immune system stimulate the
    macrophages,
  • Stimulation of nerve function
  • Activation and proliferation of fibroblasts,
  • Altered endogenous opioid production,
    prostaglandin production.

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Dose Calculations
  • Energy Density is measured in units of Joules per
    square centimeter (J/cm2).
  • Relatively a lot of apparatus offer 'on board'
    calculations of this dose, at the same time as
    other apparatus necessitate that the operator to
    make some simple calculations based on several
    considerations
  • output power (Watts)
  • irradiation area (cm2)
  • time (seconds)

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Generality
  • ? Most authorities suggest that the ENERGY
    DENSITY per TREATMENT SESSION should generally
    reduce in the range of 0.1 - 12.0 J/cm2 despite
    the fact that there are some recommendations
    which go up to 30 J/cm2.
  • ? It has been until that time recommended that a
    maximal (single treatment) dose of 4 J/cm2 should
    not be exceeded.
  • ? Lower doses should be applied to the more acute
    lesions which would appear to be more energy
    sensitive.
  • ? Treatment time for the laser portion is
    typically between 4 and 12 minutes.

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Tratamentul cu LLLT
  • ? It has been establish that LLLT to offer
    superior healing and pain relieving effects
    compared to other electrotherapeutic modalities,
    especially in the early stages of acute injuries,
    and for chronic problems.
  • ? LLLT is a universal method of treating muscle,
    tendon, ligament, connective tissue, bone and
    skin tissue with one simple piece of equipment,
    however, the best results are achieved when it is
    used to complement other treatment modalities!
  • ? Importantly for athletes, LLLT is a
    non-invasive, drug-free modality that can be
    applied on competition day without risking
    disqualification by drug testing!

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Can also be used for Acupuncture Point
stimulation, an alternative to needles for
acupunctures,
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Indications
  • ? Acute (traumatic) pain /chronic pain,
  • ? Painful trigger points,
  • ? Inflammatory arthropathies, shoulder humerus
    periarthritis,
  • ? Degenerative rheumatism, osteoarthritis,
  • ? Acne, eczema,
  • ? Inflammation of skin conditions,
  • ? Non-healing ulcers, scars and keloids, wounds
    and burns,
  • ? Fibromyalgia,
  • ? Lymph edema,
  • ? Migraines,
  • ? Sinusitis, tonsillitis,
  • ? Meniere's Disease,
  • ? Post herpetic neuralgia,
  • ? Trigeminal Neuralgia,
  • ? Dental procedures for releasing pain,

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Indications
  • ? Tinnitus,
  • ? Vertigo, Carpal tunnel syndrome,
  • ? Sports injuries, traumatic and posttraumatic
    disorders
  • Contusions,
  • Myalgias,
  • Luxations,
  • Arhtralgias,
  • Tendinitis,
  • Tennis/golfer elbow,
  • ? Etc.

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? Usually, in the case of a open wound, the
treatment program could be thus
  • Treat to the floor of the ulcer / pressure sore /
    wound,
  • Typically up to 2 J/cm2,
  • Also treat edge/periphery,
  • Typically up to 4 J/cm2.

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LILT
  • In the case of different soft tissue injury LILT
    is a fairly widespread with at the same time
    excellent and poor reported results.
  • The poor/ less effective results appear
    because
  • - incorrect doses,
  • - use of laser therapy for injuries that are
    simply beyond the reach of the energy delivered.
  • ? LILT is proving useful in a wide variety of
    painful conditions in the head and neck but the
    next are scrupulous applications
  • Painful Ulcerative Conditions,
  • Temporomandibular Joint Pain Dysfunction,
  • Post Herpetic Neuralgia,
  • Trigeminal Neuralgia,
  • Pain of Advanced Oro-Facial Cancer.

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Contraindications of LASER therapy are
  • ? Class 3B LASER pose a significant ocular hazard
    ?never treat the eye or areas near the eyes,
  • ? Tumours/ Suspected malignancies ? laser therapy
    affects tissue repair and could therefore
    encourage growth,
  • ? Area that have received radiotherapy treatment
    during the last six months,
  • ? Area with thrombosis and impaired circulation,
  • ? Hemorrhage ? appear the risk of increased
    bleeding, including recently controlled bleeding
    and haematoma,
  • ? Coagulation disorders

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Contraindications of LASER therapy are
  • ? Pregnancy ? treatment over the pregnant uterus
    could affect rapidly dividing cells,
  • ? Patients with chronic pain have reported
    increased tiredness for a brief period, and
    long-standing pain ? conditions may transiently
    increase.
  • ? Areas of impaired sensation.
  • ? Infections ? increase the risk of spreading the
    infection,
  • ? Hemophilia,

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Laser safety
  • ? One shall observe the warnings on the use of
    laser in an area!

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Laser safety
  • ? Even low-power lasers with output power of a
    few mill watts can be dangerous to a person's
    eyesight.
  • ? In the case of use of laser therapy is
    recommended that both therapist and patient to
    wear protection spectacles that will protect from
    burning and permanent damage of the retina.

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LASERUL ÎN ESTETICA
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