Acquisition Types

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Acquisition Types
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Introduction

• Nuclear Medicine has progressed
• in recent years to the point where
• it can provide both static and
• dynamic high resolution images
• such as the motion of the heart
• wall, the emptying of the gallbladder,
• esophageal reflux and blood
• flow in the brain
• Scanning device called gamma
• camera can provide a 2D or 3D
• image of the whole body or a
• specific organ and a quantitative
• distribution of the radiopharmaceutical
• within that area

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Objectives

• To learn about the different types of
  acquisitions
• To learn the function of each acquisition mode
• To learn through images the differences between
  acquisition modes
• To learn about frame and list
• modes and their differences

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Planes of the Body
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Schema of a PET Acquisition Process
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Time Saving Comparison Chart
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Acquisition Types

• Dynamic
• Static or Planar
• Whole Body
• SPECT
• MUGA (Multi Gated Acquisition)
• GSPECT (Gated SPECT)

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Dynamic

• Dynamic tomographic images
• Multiple sequential images
• in a field of view
• Usually covered the
• whole part of interest

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Static or Planar

• Planar images reveal ?Thyroid
• One view image
• Definition of skin and
• bone geometry
• Provide details on muscle
• facial planes
• Provide details on ?
• muscle/fat interfaces Kidneys
• Blood vessel definition

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Whole Body

• These scans cover from top of the head through
  the feet
• Considered the standard procedure
• in Nuclear Medicine today
• Consist of two full body
• views
• Anterior and posterior
• Whole Body scans are capable
• of detecting stages of disease
• Abnormal processes such as
• tumor, infection, or fracture
• Lung Cancer Metastasis

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SPECT

• SPECT - Single Photon Emission Computerized
  Tomography
• Reconstruct tomographic slice
• using many projections
• Usually, projections are taken
• every 3 or 6 degrees
• Need to cover at least 180
• degrees to enable reconstruction

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SPECT (cont)

• No depth information is Stroke
• kept on a planar image
• The information of a planar
• image is an integral (sum)
• across the direction
• perpendicular to the pixel
• imaged. The sum is across
• all depths

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SPECT (cont)

• Tomography generate slices, Alzheimer
• where planar information
• of several angles is used to
• reconstruct the data across
• the depth
• It has the advantage that the
• data is separated for different
• depths as well

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SPECT (cont)

• Kidneys Vertebra

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SPECT (cont)
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MUGA (Multi Gated Acquisition)

• Test to evaluate the function of the heart
• Provides a movie-like image of
• the beating heart
• Allows the doctor to determine
• the health of the hearts major
• pumping chambers
• Subsequent intravenous
• injection of the radioactive
• substance (Technetium-99m-pertechnetate)

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MUGA (Multi Gated Acquisition)

• Usually sixteen images of the heart
• One at each stage of the
• cardiac cycle
• Show the blood pool in the
• chambers of the heart
• Calculate the ejection fraction
• of the heart
• Can help pinpoint the position in the heart that
  has sustained damage as well as assess the degree
  of damage

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MUGA (Multi Gated Acquisition)

• Heart

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GSPECT (Gated SPECT)

• Gated Perfusion SPECT is mainly used in heart
  studies
• It is similar to a standard
• SPECT study
• Except that a number of
• images (8 or 16) are acquired
• at each stop
• A gated SPECT standard
• dataset is used to evaluate
• perfusion
• Gated SPECT dataset is
• used to assess function

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GSPECT (Gated SPECT)

• As long as the counts are adequate,
• any tracer can be used in a
• gated SPECT acquisition
• The higher count density
• that is achieved when
• Tc-99m tetrofosmin or
• sestamibi is used, can ensure
• the acquisition of high-quality
• gated images with a greater
• degree of consistency than can
• be obtained with thallium-201 scanning

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GSPECT (Gated SPECT)
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GSPECT (Gated SPECT)
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GSPECT (Gated SPECT)
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GSPECT (Gated SPECT)
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GSPECT (Gated SPECT)
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Early Breast Cancer Patient
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Types of Modes

• Frame Mode
• Images or matrices are available
• through the computer
• Requires formatting
• It cannot be reformatted to allow
• manipulation in varying time sequences
• List Mode
• Data are passed on to the attached computer as a
  list of event x, y coordinates, to which time
  information and energy information may be also
  attached

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Advantages

• Frame Mode requires substantially less computer
  memory
• List mode acquisition is superior to conventional
  frame mode data acquisition in terms of
• higher efficiency of data storage
• higher temporal resolution
• higher flexibility of data manipulation

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Conclusion

• It is obvious to everyone that computers and
  software have been leading the improvements in
  nuclear medicine imaging, but faster acquisition
  electronics are making just as important an
  impact on the evolution of our imaging systems
• Imaging gamma cameras show several practical
  advantages (low cost and high physical
  resolution) but also many limitations
  (sensitivity, count rate, activity outside the
  field of view)

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References

• egems.gehealthcare.com/geCommunity//nmpet/educatio
  n/nm_intro/acquisition.js...
• http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d
  /PET-MIPS-anim.gif
• www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?os
  ti_id1005
• Yahoo.com/images
• webmaster_at_indianriverradiology.com
• neuroimage.usc.edu/ResearchPETDynamic.html
• Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging. Fifth
  Edition. Fred A. Mettler, Jr., Milton J.
  Guiberteau

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Questions

• Which of the following is an acquisition type?
• a) Dynamite
• b) Spectro
• c) Half body
• d) Static

c) Static
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• T/F
• 2) MUGA is a test to evaluate the function of the
  heart

True
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• 3) Most modern applications were developed on the
  basis of ___________
• a) MRI
• b) CT
• c) SPECT

c) SPECT
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• 4) Which of the following acquisition cover from
  top of the head through the feet?
• a) Whole body
• b) Planar
• c) Dynamic
• d) SPECT

a) Whole body
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• 5) Which mode has higher flexibility of data
  manipulation list mode or frame mode?

list mode