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Systematics: The Science Of Biological Diversity Chapter 12

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Title: Systematics: The Science Of Biological Diversity Chapter 12


1
Systematics The Science Of Biological
DiversityChapter 12
  • Systematics- the scientific study of biological
    diversity and its evolutionary history.

2
Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.)
  • Father of Botany, student of Aristotle.
  • Classified plants based on form.
  • Tree
  • Shrub
  • Undershrub
  • Herb

3
Atropa belladonna- Solanaceae
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Carol von Linné (1707-1778)
  • Swedish naturalist.
  • Species Naturae Plantarum.
  • Plant descriptions.
  • Plant binomials- a two-term system of
    nomenclature.
  • Genus and species (specific epithet).
  • Example- catnip.
  • Nepeta cataria L.
  • Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatus pedunculatis

6
Nepeta cataria- Lamiaceae
7
Taxonomy
  • Taxonomy- (gr. taxis- arrangement, nomos- law)
    the science of the classification of organisms.
  • Identifying, naming, classifying organisms.
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum- phyta
  • Class- phyceae
  • Order- ales
  • Family- aceae
  • Genus
  • Species

8
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
9
Eukaryote Lineages
10
Origin of Cells
11
Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
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International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(ICBN)
  • Aim- to provide a stable method of naming
    taxonomic groups.
  • Principle I- botanical nomenclature is
    independent of zoological and bacteriological
    nomenclature.
  • Principle II- names of taxonomic groups are
    determined by means of nomenclatural types.
  • Principle III- nomenclature of a taxonomic group
    is based upon priority of publication.
  • Naming- the purpose of giving a name to a
    taxonomic group is not to indicate its characters
    or history, but to supply a means of referring to
    it and to indicate its rank.

14
Taxonomic Terminology
  • Taxon- a taxonomic group of any rank (plural
    taxa).
  • Synonym- two or more names that apply to the same
    taxon.
  • Basionym- the original name of a taxon.
  • Author/s- the first person or persons to describe
    a taxon.
  • Revisionary author/s- the person or persons that
    modified the name.
  • Etymology- the derivation, origin, or history of
    a word.
  • Type Specimen- a specimen designated to serve as
    a reference point for a scientific name.
  • Holotype
  • Lectotype

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Taxonomic Names
  • Species names consists of the genus name, plus
    the specific epithet.
  • Members of a species may be grouped into
    subspecies or varieties.

17
How do you identify plants?
  • Ask an expert.
  • Use a herbarium.
  • Compare plant with a written description.
  • Use books to picture I.D. specimens.
  • Photographs and illustrations.
  • Use a dichotomous key.

18
Dichotomous Keys
  • A method employed for identifying unknown
    organisms.
  • A dichotomous key is constructed of a series of
    couplets, each consisting of two separate
    statements.
  • 1. Flowers white .................. Plant A
  • 1. Flowers red or yellow ..... 2
  • 2. Petals red ............ Plant B
  • 2. Petals white ........ Plant C

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