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America and World War II

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Title: America and World War II


1
America and World War II
  • APUSH
  • Mr. McElhaney

2
AP Outline
  • 21. The Second World War
  • The rise of fascism and militarism in Japan,
    Italy, and Germany
  • Prelude to war policy of neutrality
  • The attack on Pearl Harbor and United States
    declaration of war
  • Fighting a multi-front war
  • Diplomacy, war aims, and wartime conferences
  • The United States as a global power in the Atomic
    Age
  • 22. The Home Front During the War
  • Wartime mobilization of the economy
  • Urban migration and demographic changes
  • Women, work, and family during the war
  • Civil liberties and civil rights during wartime
  • War and regional development
  • Expansion of government power

3
Terms to Know
  • Treaty of Versailles
  • Good Neighbor Policy
  • Washington Naval Conference, 1922
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
  • Stimson Doctrine
  • Trade Agreements Act
  • Neutrality Act
  • Axis Alliance
  • Munich Agreement
  • Lend-Lease Act, 1941
  • German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
  • Selective Training and Service Act
  • Tripartite Pact
  • Maginot Line
  • Battle of Britain/ Operation Sea Lion
  • Atlantic Charter, 1941
  • Hideki Tojo/Japan
  • War Powers Act
  • Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s)
  • Eisenhower
  • D-Day
  • Servicemens Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)
    Neutrality Acts, 1935-1940
  • Buenos Aires Conference, 1936
  • Four Freedoms Speech
  • Rosie the Riveter
  • War Production Board
  • Tuskegee Airmen
  • Phillip Randolph
  • Wartime Conferences
  • Casablanca
  • Cairo
  • Teheran
  • Quebec
  • Yalta
  • Potsdam
  • Manhattan Project
  • Robert Oppenheime
  • Los Alamos, Alamogordo

4
Questions- Pre-World War II
  • Basic questions you should be able to answer
  • How does the US public respond to Japanese,
    Italian, and German militarism and aggression in
    the 1930s?
  • Was it inevitable that the United States was
    going to join the War?
  • How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay
    out of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia
    and what finally pushes the US into the conflict?
  • How was FDRs Good Neighbor policy a departure
    for American politicians since the 1890s?

5
Quiz 3-13
  • Respond to two of the following
  • How did FDR reinforce the policy toward Latin
    America begun by the Hoover administration?
  • Explain how the Stimson Doctrine is applied in
    relation to China.
  • What action does Congress take in an effort to
    support American neutrality?

6
Quiz 3-14
  • Can the British and French be justifiably
    criticized for appeasing Hitler? Explain

7
United States Status After WWI
  • After WWI US is considered Isolationist by many,
    because of the desire to stay out of
    international politics (not a member of League of
    NationsWilson and Republicans)
  • Few international treaties
  • Washington Naval Conference-limits naval
    armaments
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws war
  • Dawes Plan- reorganizes German WWI debt payments
  • Trade drives American motives
  • Reduction of interference in Latin America
  • Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out
    of foreign wars!

8
FDR and Foreign Affairs
  • Similar to Wilson wanted to use power to maintain
    order
  • Moral and just principles
  • However, must abide by public opinion which is
    Isolationist
  • Appoints Cordell Hull as Secretary of State
  • Basic views
  • Isolation is not a lasting policy
  • Technology impacts distance of oceans
  • Important to maintain American interests
  • Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the
    economy countries that reduce tariffs, US will
    also reduce tariffs more trade for both partners

9
Good Neighbor Policy
  • FDR wanted to continue the cordial relations with
    the world and Latin America in particular
  • Continued attempt begun with Hoover
  • Cooperation and non-interventionist
  • Example 1933 Montivideo International
    Conference- Uruguay
  • Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
    Doctrine
  • Withdrew troops from Haiti
  • Did not send troops to Cuba
  • 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged meeting
    of LA nations supporting peace movement

10
Mussolini-Italian Right Wing Dictator
  • Came to power in 1922
  • Right Wing, anti-Socialist and Communist
  • Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire for Italy
  • Repressive but not too extreme- (no concentration
    camps)
  • Nationalist
  • Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in 1936

11
Halle Selassie
  • Ethiopian Emperor- Condemned the invasion of his
    country in the League of Nations
  • This was a perfect example of the failure of the
    League- no way to enforce peace- beyond economic
    sanctions
  • Haile Selassie is regarded as the Messiah of the
    African race by followers of the Rastafarian
    movement. The word ''Rastafarian'' comes from
    Selassie's pre-coronation name, Ras Tafari.

12
Hitler Rises to Power
  • Germany has problems
  • Economic Depression
  • Conflict with Socialist/Communists against Right
    Wing Groups- Nazis are one group
  • Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag (German
    legislature) 1933 and Hitler ascends to
    Chancellor (similar to Prime Minister-executive
    branch)

13
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14
Factors that Contributed to Hitlers Rise
  • Economic depression
  • Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty Germany and
    Allies World War I)
  • Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig and
    empire)
  • Striped Germany of military, navy, air force
  • Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin
    Rhineland, many resources)
  • German had to take explicit blame for the war
  • Pay War Repartitions
  • Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing groups were
    fighting for control
  • Created conditions for popularity of Nazis for
    some German voters

15
Hitler and Hindenburg
  • New Chancellor and Old President of Weimar
    Republic

16
Hitler-Once in Power
  • Hitler vows to make Germany great again
  • To Claim its rightful place in the Sun.
  • Reichstag fire Hitler has emergency powers
  • Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in
    his book Mein Kampf)
  • Rearm Germany
  • Unite the German people in one country (all
    German speaking people 1938 Anschluss- political
    unity between Austria and Germany, later
    Czchechoslovakia and East Prussia (part of
    Poland)
  • Ethnically Cleanse German Territory (all
    non-AryanJews, Gypsies)
  • Expand East Lebensraub- into Russian lands,
    Destroy communists

17
European Appeasement
  • One of the huge lessons of World War II that is
    brought up again and again is the idea of
    Appeasement (giving in to demands as an expedient
    to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle)
  • The powers of France, Great Britain and others in
    Europe have been accused of appeasing Hitler when
    they should have stopped his early demands.
  • The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been
    stopped. Before he was too powerful.
  • By giving in to Hitlers demands, it encouraged
    him to push further and brought another Global
    War
  • British Prime Minister Nevielle Chamberlain will
    always be remembered for his appeasement of
    Hitler. (Peace in Our Time)

18
Why did the Allies appease Hitler?
  • Treaty of Versailles- Peace was too harsh
  • All consuming desire for peace
  • Rearmament
  • Nationalism- create one nation, racial, ethnic
    homogeneity, with strength and a traditional
    spiritual location
  • Anschluss-
  • Chamberlain and Munich Sudetenland,
  • 1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-Danzig-
    Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact
  • 1941 Lebensraum and Operation Barbarossa-

19
Failure of the League of Nations
  • Recall the League of Nations was designed to
    prevent war
  • Problems US is not part of
  • It did not have an enforcement capability-
    especially could not use force
  • Only weapon was economic embargo and public
    pressure
  • When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany pursue
    aggression invading other countries (Manchuria,
    Somalia, Ethiopia, Spanish Civil War, and
    Czchoslovakia)
  • The international body will have little or no
    effect

20
China Still Weak
  • After WWI China remains weak
  • Open Door Reinforced
  • Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat Sen and Chiang
    Kai-shek- Friendly to United States Fighting over
    control with Communist forces of Mao Tse Tung

21
Japan
  • Wanted to expand its empire similar to France,
    Britain, and the US.
  • Want to control Chinas abundant natural
    resources
  • Japan was angry regarding the Washington Naval
    Conference (1921- Harding Admin, set limit for
    Japanese Navy, subordinate position to US and
    Britain, reinforced the Open Door policy, all
    nations can trade with China.
  • Japanese nationalists rise in power and asserted
    that power in Manchuria

22
Japan invades Manchuria 1931
  • Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese interest in
    Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, and economic
    interests, raw materials)
  • Japanese military asserted rights to Manchuria
  • Military- incident with Chinese forces is an
    excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new name
    is Manchukuo.
  • Later to further weaken China, Japan will bomb
    Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese goods

23
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24
Results of Japanese invasion of Manchuria
  • US President was Hoover (1932)
  • Hoover responds with the Stimson Doctrine-
    (Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to
    acknowledge results of gains made by aggression-
  • US will not recognize territorial changes-
  • League of Nations condemns the attack on China
  • Japan subsequently withdraws from League of
    Nations (League is essentially ignored)
  • No country wants war and China will suffer
    greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion
    1936(caution very graphic see Rape of Nanjing)
  • 200,000 civilians killed
  • Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and
    essentially closes the Open Door

25
Chinese Fight
  • Chiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese and moves
    capital to Chunking and even unites with the the
    Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the duration of the
    war.

26
American Neutrality
  • The Neutrality Act of 1935- members of congress,
    wanted to keep America out of war
  • Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers
    and industrialists
  • Imposed an embargo on warring nations
  • Forbade American sale of war goods and ships
    from transporting munitions to belligerent
    countries
  • Gave president power to prohibit Americans
    traveling on belligerent ships
  • Neutrality Act 1936- forbade loans to belligerent
    countries
  • Neutrality Act 1937- response to the Spanish
    Civil War
  • Goods from the US to warring nations had to be
    paid for in cash (2 years only)

27
More Neutrality
  • Many groups in America wanted Isolation
  • Irish, German- Americans
  • Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, Anti-Semites,
    liberals who wanted continue reform, and
    pacifists
  • Ludlow Amendment- Isolationist support was so
    great that- an amendment to Constitution was
    proposed, that only in case of attack or invasion
    could US declare war. (not approved)

28
Spanish Civil War
  • Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are
    attacked by Francisco Franco-
  • Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco- Nazis
    and Italian Fascists support with 50,000 troops,
    planes, and tanks.
  • Loyalists are supported by Soviet Union and
    International Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For
    Whom the Bell Tolls)
  • American Neutrality Acts hurt the loyalist
    cause
  • FDR wanted to help but was hampered by
    isolationist law makers

29
Picassos painting of German bombing of ancient
city of Gurenica, during Span Civ War-
30
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31
German-Soviet Non Aggression Pact
  • August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a secret
    agreement to partition Poland-
  • Germans invade Poland in the West
  • Russians invade Poland in the East
  • World War II in Europe begins- France and Britain
    had guaranteed Polish sovereignty
  • US responds with a renewed Neutrality act 1939-
    cash and carry would aid allies alone

32
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33
Non Aggression Pact
34
The Phony War
  • September 1939-April 1940
  • Germany rapidly beat Poland Blitzkrieg
  • France and Britain mobilized and waited for
    attack
  • April 1940 Denmark, Norway,
  • May 1940 Belgium and France
  • Dunkirk- 300,000 British troops escape the
    continent- Churchill now in charge
  • Paris Falls June 1940
  • England stands alone Battle of Britain

35
Battle of Britain
  • Brits were alone as of June 1940
  • Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed
    up the British attitude
  • We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the
    end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on
    the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with
    growing confidence and growing strength in the
    air, we shall defend our island, whatever the
    cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we
    shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall
    fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall
    fight in the hills we shall never surrender.

36
United States Reacts to WarDebate 1940
Isolationist or Internationalist
  • Isolationists
  • America First Committee
  • Charles A Lindberg
  • Intervention is detrimental to American
    interests
  • Internationalists
  • Committee to Defend America
  • Best way to keep US out of war is to Help allies
    fight the Germans
  • Roosevelt is sympathetic

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39
Lend Lease
40
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41
Wining the War
  • To what extent was the mobilization for war a key
    factor in the American victory?
  • How is the American home front and mobilization
    in WWI similar to the home front and mobilization
    in WWII and how are they different?

42
Roosevelts Four Freedoms Speech January 1941
  • To congress, State of the Union, focus on war
    preparedness
  • the future of all the American Republics is
    today in serious danger.
  • That is why this Annual Message to the Congress
    is unique in our history.
  • The need of the moment is that our actions and
    our policy should be devoted primarily-almost
    exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For
    all our domestic problems are now a part of the
    great emergency.
  • Just as our national policy in internal affairs
    has been based upon a decent respect for the
    rights and the dignity of all our fellow men
    within our gates, so our national policy in
    foreign affairs has been based on a decent
    respect for the rights and dignity of all
    nations, large and small. And the justice of
    morality must and will win in the end.

43
Four Freedoms Continued
  • The first is freedom of speech and
    expression--everywhere in the world.
  • The second is freedom of every person to worship
    God in his own way--everywhere in the world.
  • The third is freedom from want--which, translated
    into world terms, means economic understandings
    which will secure to every nation a healthy
    peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in
    the world.
  • The fourth is freedom from fear--which,
    translated into world terms, means a world-wide
    reduction of armaments to such a point and in
    such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in
    a position to commit an act of physical
    aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the
    world.

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