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Title: Ethical issues in research and publications


1
Ethical Issues in Research and Publications

  • Presented By

  • Sangeetha S.

  • Lissy Bennet

2
Introduction
  • Ethics are norms of conduct that distinguish
    between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
  • Ethics are the principles and guidelines that
    help us to uphold things we value.

3
Meaning
  • Research Ethics involves the application of
    fundamental ethical principles to a variety of
    topics involving scientific research.
  • Research ethics educates and monitors a scientist
    conducting a research to ensure a high ethical
    standards.

4
Importance of Research Ethics
  • Respect and cause no harm to the participants.
  • As a sign of respect for other researchers and
    cause no harm to the participants.
  • It is a professional requirement
  • It is a requirement to obtain funding.
  • Failing to conduct research ethically result in
    research/researcher being dismissed or rejected
    by the research community.

5
Basic Principles of Research Ethics
  • Honesty
  • Objectivity
  • Integrity
  • Carefulness
  • Openness
  • Respect for intellectual property
  • Confidentiality
  • Respect for colleagues
  • Non discrimination
  • Social Responsibility

6
Important areas in Research Ethics
  • Authorship
  • Plagiarism
  • Peer Review
  • Research with animals
  • Research with human subjects
  • Research misconduct

7
Authorship
  • Research evolves from collaboration and
    assistance between experts and colleagues
  • Authorship is the process of deciding about on
    who names a research paper belongs.
  • Authorship is reserved for persons who receives
    primary credit and hold primary responsibility
    for a published work
  • It decides which colleagues should be listed as
    authors or co- authors.

8
Ethical Guidelines
  • Authors
  • Co Authors
  • Significantly contributed to the research and
    writing
  • Prepared full responsibility for the content of
    research article
  • Contributed substantially to the research
  • Wrote or revised all or part of the manuscript.
  • Approved the final version of the entire article

9
Plagiarism
  • Presenting the words , phrases, ideas or work of
    another including certain facts and statistics.
  • It will question the integrity, ethics and trust
    worthiness of the researcher.
  • Whether intentionally or unintentionally,
    plagiarism cannot be tolerated by the Scientific
    community.

10
Ethical Guidelines
  • Keep accurate notes when doing research
  • Educate yourself on university plagiarism
    policies
  • Master the procedure for citing sources
  • Learn to paraphrase without borrowing the
    language or structure used in an original source.

11
Peer Review
  • Before a paper is published in a scientific
    journal, it is subjected to a process called
    peer review
  • Peer review system is designed to ensure that
    only high quality and reliable information is
    published in scientific journals

12
Steps in peer review
  • The author of a scientific paper submit it to
    the editor of a scientific journal
  • The editor chooses two or three research experts
    in the specific topic and submit the paper to
    those researchers.
  • Based on the recommendations of independent
    reviewers and the editors own review, the editor
    will take the decision to accept or reject the
    paper.

13
Ethical Guidelines
  • Reviewer should not know the author they are
    reviewing
  • The author should not tell the names of the
    reviewer.
  • No person involved in the process can publically
    disclose the information in the article

14
Research with animals
  • Animals are
  • Used in testing new medicines.
  • As teaching tools for medical students
  • As experimental subjects for new surgical
    procedures

15
Ethical Guidelines
  • Animals can be used in research only when
  • It is absolutely necessary.
  • There is no alternatives.
  • Researchers can treat animals humanly.
  • When confirmation has been made that research
    activities are not unnecessarily duplicating
    previously conducting experiments.
  • Such experiments are relevant to human or animal
    health, will advance scientific knowledge, or
    will be for the good of society.

16
Research with human subjects
  • It involves use of human subjects in research
  • Human subjects can be defined as a living
    individual on whom a research investigator
    obtains data through intervention or interaction
    with the individual.

17
ETHICAL GUIDELINES
  • Informed consent
  • Voluntarily
  • Respect for persons
  • Right to end participation in research at any
    time.
  • Right to safeguard integrity.
  • Benefits should higher than cost
  • Protection from physical, mental and emotional
    harm
  • Access to information regarding research.
  • Protection of privacy and well-being .

18
RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
  • It is the process of identifying and reporting
    unethical or unsound research
  • It is defined as fabrication, falsification or
    plagiarism in proposing, performing or reviewing
    research or in reporting research results.
  • It must be committed intentionally.

19
ETHICAL GUIDELINES
  • Inquiry
  • Investigation
  • Appropriate corrective action

20
Conclusion
  • A well known biomedical ethicist stated that
    When no one is watching, it is the character of
    the investigator that determines the moral
    quality.  
  • Researcher must consider research as an integral
    professional activity, and must ethically
    discharge his research.
  • Training should be provided in case of deviations.

21
References
  • Ian Gregory 2003, Ethics in Research, MPG Books
    Ltd, Great Britian.
  • C.R. Kothari (2004), Research Methodology
    Methods and Techniques, New Age International
    (P) Limited, Publishers, New Delhi.
  • Donna M. Mertens Pauline E. Ginsberg(2009), The
    Handbook of Social Research Ethics , SAGE
    Publications, Inc .
  • Onken, M., Garrison, S., Dotterweich, S. (1999)
    Research Ethics Among AACSB Faculty and Deans
    Why Isn't There More Whistleblowing?, Journal of
    Information Ethics.

22
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