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Title: Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 6 power-point


1
Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State University Trent D.
StephensIdaho State University Philip
TatePhoenix College
Chapter 06 Lecture Outline
See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and
tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
2
Chapter 6
  • Skeletal SystemBones and Bone Tissue

3
Skeletal System Functions
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Blood cell production

4
Hyaline Cartilage
  • Consists of specialized cells that produce matrix
  • Cells
  • Chondroblasts
  • Chondrocytes
  • Perichondrium
  • Articular cartilage
  • Growth
  • Appositional
  • Interstitial

5
Bone Shapes
  • Long
  • Upper and lower limbs
  • Short
  • Carpals and tarsals
  • Flat
  • Ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae
  • Irregular
  • Vertebrae, facial

6
Long Bone Structure
  • Diaphysis
  • Shaft
  • Compact bone
  • Epiphysis
  • End of the bone
  • Cancellous bone
  • Epiphyseal plate
  • Growth plate
  • Epiphyseal line
  • Bone stops growing in length

7
Long Bone Structure
  • Medullary cavity
  • Red marrow
  • Yellow marrow
  • Periosteum
  • Outer bone surface
  • Sharpeys fibers
  • Attachment
  • Endosteum
  • Lines bone cavities

8
Flat, Short, Irregular Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • No diaphyses, epiphyses
  • Sandwich of cancellous between compact bone
  • Short and Irregular Bone
  • Compact bone that surrounds cancellous bone
    center
  • No diaphyses and not elongated

9
Bone Histology
  • Bone matrix
  • Organic Collagen and proteoglycans
  • Inorganic Hydroxapatite
  • Bone cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
  • Stem cells or osteochondral progenitor cells
  • Woven bone Collagen fibers randomly oriented
  • Lamellar bone Mature bone in sheets
  • Cancellous bone Trabeculae
  • Compact bone Dense

10
Bone Matrix
11
Bone Cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Formation of bone through ossification or
    osteogenesis
  • Osteocytes
  • Mature bone cells
  • Lacunae Spaces
  • Canaliculi Canals
  • Osteoclasts
  • Responsible for bone resorption

12
Woven and Lamellar Bone
  • Woven bone
  • Formed
  • During fetal development
  • During fracture repair
  • Remodeling
  • Removing old bone and adding new
  • Lamellar bone
  • Mature bone in sheets called lamellae

13
Cancellous Bone
  • Consists of trabeculae
  • Oriented along lines of stress

14
Compact Bone
  • Central or haversian canals Parallel to long
    axis
  • Lamellae Concentric, circumferential,
    interstitial
  • Osteon or haversian system Central canal,
    contents, associated concentric lamellae and
    osteocytes
  • Perforating or Volkmanns canal Perpendicular to
    long axis

15
Bone Development
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Takes place in connective tissue membrane
  • Endochondral ossification
  • Takes place in cartilage
  • Both methods of ossification
  • Produce woven bone that is then remodeled
  • After remodeling, formation cannot be
    distinguished as one or other

16
Intramembranous Ossification
17
Endochondral Ossification
18
Endochondral Ossification
19
Endochondral Ossification
20
Growth in Bone Length
  • Appositional growth
  • New bone on old bone or cartilage surface
  • Epiphyseal plate zones
  • Resting cartilage
  • Proliferation
  • Hypertrophy
  • Calcification

21
Growth in Bone Length
22
Growth in Bone Width
23
Factors Affecting Bone Growth
  • Nutrition
  • Vitamin D
  • Necessary for absorption of calcium from
    intestines
  • Insufficient causes rickets and osteomalacia
  • Vitamin C
  • Necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts
  • Deficiency results in scurvy
  • Hormones
  • Growth hormone from anterior pituitary
  • Thyroid hormone required for growth of all
    tissues
  • Sex hormones as estrogen and testosterone

24
Bone Remodeling
  • Coverts woven bone into lamellar bone
  • Bone constantly removed by osteoclasts and new
    bone formed by osteoblasts

25
Bone Repair
26
Calcium Homeostasis
27
Calcium Homeostasis
  • Bone is the major storage site for calcium in the
    body
  • Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build new
    bone
  • Calcium moves out of bone as osteoclasts break
    down bone
  • When osteoclast and osteoblast activity is
    balanced, the movement of calcium in and out is
    equal

28
Effects of Aging on Skeletal System
  • Bone Matrix decreases
  • Bone Mass decreases
  • Increased bone fractures
  • Bone loss causes deformity, loss of height, pain,
    stiffness
  • Stooped posture
  • Loss of teeth

29
Bone Fractures
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