Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 27 power-point - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 27 power-point

Description:

The chapter 27 power point released with Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:2171
Slides: 37
Provided by: SJC0211
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 27 power-point


1
Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State University Trent D.
StephensIdaho State University Philip
TatePhoenix College
Chapter 27 Lecture Outline
See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and
tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
2
Chapter 27
  • Water, Electrolytes, and
  • Acid-Base Balance

3
Body Fluids
  • Intracellular
  • All fluids inside cells of body
  • About 40 of total body weight
  • Extracellular
  • All fluids outside cells
  • About 20 of total body weight
  • Subcompartments
  • Interstitial fluid and plasma lymph, CSF,
    synovial fluid

4
Body Fluid Compartments
5
Water Content Regulation
  • Sources of water
  • Ingestion
  • Cellular metabolism
  • Routes of water loss
  • Urine
  • Evaporation
  • Perspiration
  • Respiratory passages
  • Feces
  • Content regulated so total volume of water in
    body remains constant
  • Kidneys primary regulator of water excretion
  • Regulation processes
  • Osmosis
  • Osmolality
  • Baroreceptors
  • Learned behavior
  • ???

6
Extracellular Fluid Osmolality
  • Osmolality
  • Adding or removing water from a solution changes
    this
  • Increased osmolality
  • Triggers thirst and ADH secretion
  • Decreased osmolality
  • Inhibits thirst and ADH secretion

7
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Osmolality
8
Regulation of ECF Volume
  • Increased ECF results in
  • Decreased aldosterone secretion
  • Increased ANH secretion
  • Decreased ADH secretion
  • Decreased sympathetic stimulation
  • Decreased ECF results in
  • Increased aldosterone secretion
  • Decreased ANH secretion
  • Increased ADH secretion
  • Increased sympathetic stimulation
  • Mechanisms
  • Neural
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
  • Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

9
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Volume
10
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Volume
11
Regulation of ECF Volume
12
Regulation of ICF and ECF
13
Regulation of Electrolytes in ECF
  • Na Ions
  • Dominant ECF cations
  • Responsible for 90-95 of osmotic pressure
  • Regulation of Na ions
  • Kidneys major route of excretion
  • Small quantities lost in sweat
  • Terms
  • Hypernatremia
  • high sodium
  • Hyponatremia
  • low sodium
  • Electrolytes
  • Molecules or ions with an electrical charge
  • Water ingestion adds electrolytes to body
  • Kidneys, liver, skin, lungs remove from body
  • Concentration changes only when growing, gaining
    or losing weight

14
Mechanisms Regulating Blood Sodium
15
Mechanisms Regulating Blood Sodium
16
Abnormal Plasma Levels of Sodium Ions
17
Regulation of Chloride, Potassium, Magnesium Ions
  • Potassium ions
  • Maintained in narrow range
  • Affect resting membrane potentials
  • Aldosterone increases amount secreted
  • Terms
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Hypokalemia
  • Chloride ions
  • Predominant anions in ECF
  • Magnesium ions
  • Capacity of kidney to reabsorb is limited
  • Excess lost in urine
  • Decreased extracellular magnesium results in
    greater degree of reabsorption

18
Potassium Ion Regulation in ECF
19
Abnormal Concentration of Potassium Ions
20
Abnormal Plasma Levels of Magnesium Ions
21
Regulation of Blood Magnesium
22
Regulation of Calcium Ions
  • PTH increases Ca2 extracellular levels and
    decreases extracellular phosphate levels
  • Vitamin D stimulates Ca2 uptake in intestines
  • Calcitonin decreases extracellular Ca2 levels
  • Regulated within narrow range
  • Elevated extracellular levels prevent membrane
    depolarization
  • Decreased levels lead to spontaneous action
    potential generation
  • Terms
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hypercalcemia

23
Regulation of Calcium Ions
24
Regulation of Phosphate Ions
  • Under normal conditions, reabsorption of
    phosphate occurs at maximum rate in the nephron
  • An increase in plasma phosphate increases amount
    of phosphate in nephron beyond that which can be
    reabsorbed excess is lost in urine

25
Regulation of Blood Phosphate
26
Acids and Basesand Buffers
  • Buffers Resist changes in pH
  • When H added, buffer removes
  • When H removed, buffer replaces
  • Types of buffer systems
  • Carbonic acid/bicarbonate
  • Protein
  • Phosphate
  • Acids
  • Release H into solution
  • Bases
  • Remove H from solution
  • Acids and bases
  • Grouped as strong or weak

27
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
28
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
29
Buffer Systems
30
Respiratory Regulation ofAcid-Base Balance
  • Respiratory regulation of pH is achieved through
    carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system
  • As carbon dioxide levels increase, pH decreases
  • As carbon dioxide levels decrease, pH increases
  • Carbon dioxide levels and pH affect respiratory
    centers
  • Hypoventilation increases blood carbon dioxide
    levels
  • Hyperventilation decreases blood carbon dioxide
    levels

31
Respiratory Regulation ofAcid-Base Balance
32
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
  • Secretion of H into filtrate and reabsorption of
    HCO3- into ECF cause extracellular pH to increase
  • HCO3- in filtrate reabsorbed
  • Rate of H secretion increases as body fluid pH
    decreases or as aldosterone levels increase
  • Secretion of H inhibited when urine pH falls
    below 4.5

33
Kidney Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
34
Hydrogen Ion Buffering
35
Acidosis and Alkalosis
  • Acidosis pH body fluids below 7.35
  • Respiratory Caused by inadequate ventilation
  • Metabolic Results from all conditions other than
    respiratory that decrease pH
  • Alkalosis pH body fluids above 7.45
  • Respiratory Caused by hyperventilation
  • Metabolic Results from all conditions other than
    respiratory that increase pH
  • Compensatory mechanisms

36
Acidosis and Alkalosis
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com