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Title: Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 26 power-point


1
Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State University Trent D.
StephensIdaho State University Philip
TatePhoenix College
Chapter 26 Lecture Outline
See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and
tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
2
Chapter 26
  • Urinary System

3
Urinary System Functions
  • Filtering of blood
  • Regulation of
  • blood volume
  • concentration of blood solutes
  • pH of extracellular fluid
  • blood cell synthesis
  • Synthesis of Vitamin D

4
Urinary System Anatomy
5
Location and External Anatomyof Kidneys
  • External Anatomy
  • Renal capsule
  • Surrounds each kidney
  • Perirenal fat
  • Engulfs renal capsule and acts as cushioning
  • Renal fascia
  • Anchors kidneys to abdominal wall
  • Hilum
  • Renal artery and nerves enter and renal vein and
    ureter exit kidneys
  • Location
  • Lie behind peritoneum on posterior abdominal wall
    on either side of vertebral column
  • Lumbar vertebrae and rib cage partially protect
  • Right kidney slightly lower than left

6
Internal Anatomy of Kidneys
  • Cortex Outer area
  • Renal columns
  • Medulla Inner area
  • Renal pyramids
  • Calyces
  • Major Converge to form pelvis
  • Minor Papillae extend
  • Nephron Functional unit of kidney
  • Juxtamedullary
  • Cortical

7
The Nephron
8
Histology of the Nephron
9
Internal Anatomy of Kidneys
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Bowmans capsule
  • Parietal layer
  • Visceral layer
  • Glomerulus
  • Network of capillaries
  • Arterioles
  • Afferent
  • Blood to glomerulus
  • Efferent
  • Drains
  • Tubules
  • Proximal (convoluted) tubule
  • Loops of Henle
  • Descending limb
  • Ascending limb
  • Distal (convoluted) tubules
  • Collecting ducts

10
Renal Corpuscle
11
Kidney Blood Flow
12
Ureters and Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
  • Transports urine from bladder to outside of body
  • Difference in length between males and females
  • Sphincters
  • Internal urinary
  • External urinary
  • Ureters
  • Tubes through which urine flows from kidneys to
    urinary bladder
  • Urinary bladder
  • Stores urine

13
Ureters and Urinary Bladder
14
Urine Formation
15
Filtration
  • Filtration
  • Renal filtrate
  • Plasma minus blood cells and blood proteins
  • Most (99) reabsorbed
  • Filtration membrane
  • Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane and
    pores formed by podocytes
  • Filtration pressure
  • Responsible for filtrate formation
  • Glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) minus capsule
    pressure (CP) minus colloid osmotic pressure
    (COP)
  • Changes caused by glomerular capillary pressure

16
Filtration Pressure
17
Tubular Reabsorption
  • Substances transported
  • Active transport moves Na across nephron wall
  • Other ions and molecules moved by cotransport
  • Passive transport moves water, urea,
    lipid-soluble, nonpolar compounds
  • Reabsorption
  • Passive transport
  • Active transport
  • Cotransport
  • Specialization of tubule segments

18
Reabsorption in Proximal Nephron
19
Reabsorption in Loop of Henle
20
Reabsorption in Loop of Henle
21
Tubular Secretion
  • Substances enter proximal or distal tubules and
    collecting ducts
  • H, K and some substances not produced in body
    are secreted by countertransport mechanisms

22
Secretion of Hydrogen and Potassium
23
Urine Production
  • In ascending limb of loop of Henle
  • Na, Cl-, K transported out of filtrate
  • Water remains
  • In distal tubules and collecting ducts
  • Water movement out regulated by ADH
  • If absent, water not reabsorbed and dilute urine
    produced
  • If ADH present, water moves out, concentrated
    urine produced
  • In Proximal tubules
  • Na and other substances removed
  • Water follows passively
  • Filtrate volume reduced
  • In descending limb of loop of Henle
  • Water exits passively, solute enters
  • Filtrate volume reduced 15

24
Filtrate and Medullary Concentration Gradient
25
Medullary Concentration and Urea Cycling
26
Urine Concentration Mechanism
  • When large volume of water consumed
  • Eliminate excess without losing large amounts of
    electrolytes
  • Response is kidneys produce large volume of
    dilute urine
  • When drinking water not available
  • Kidneys produce small volume of concentrated
    urine
  • Removes waste and prevents rapid dehydration

27
Urine Concentrating Mechanism
28
Hormonal Mechanisms
  • ADH
  • Secreted by posterior pituitary
  • Increases water permeability in distal tubules
    and collecting ducts
  • Aldosterone
  • Produced in adrenal cortex
  • Affects Na and Cl- transport in nephron and
    collecting ducts
  • Renin
  • Produced by kidneys, causes production of
    angiotensin II
  • Atrial natriuretic hormone
  • Produced by heart when blood pressure increases
  • Inhibits ADH production
  • Reduces ability of kidney to concentrate urine

29
Effect of ADH on Nephron
30
Aldosterone Effect on Distal Tubule
31
Autoregulation and Sympathetic Stimulation
  • Autoregulation
  • Involves changes in degree of constriction in
    afferent arterioles
  • As systemic BP increased, afferent arterioles
    constrict and prevent increase in renal blood flow
  • Sympathetic stimulation
  • Constricts small arteries and afferent
    arterioles
  • Decreases renal blood flow

32
Clearance and Tubular Load
  • Plasma clearance
  • Volume of plasma cleared of a specific substance
    each minute
  • Used to estimate GFR
  • Used to calculate renal plasma flow
  • Used to determine which drugs or other substances
    excreted by kidney
  • Tubular load
  • Total amount of substance that passes through
    filtration membrane into nephrons each minute
  • Normally glucose is almost completed reabsorbed

33
Tubular Maximum
  • Tubular maximum
  • Maximum rate at which a substance can be actively
    absorbed
  • Each substance has its own tubular maximum

34
Urine Flow and Micturition Reflex
  • Urine flow
  • Hydrostatic pressure forces urine through nephron
  • Peristalsis moves urine through ureters
  • Micturition reflex
  • Stretch of urinary bladder stimulates reflex
    causing bladder to contract, inhibiting urinary
    sphincters
  • Higher brain centers can stimulate or inhibit
    reflex

35
Micturition Reflex
36
Effects of Aging on Kidneys
  • Gradual decrease in size of kidney
  • Decrease in kidney size leads to decrease in
    renal blood flow
  • Decrease in number of functional nephrons
  • Decrease in renin secretion and vitamin D
    synthesis
  • Decline in ability of nephron to secrete and
    absorb

37
Kidney Dialysis
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