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Title: Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 19 power-point


1
Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State University Trent D.
StephensIdaho State University Philip
TatePhoenix College
Chapter 19 Lecture Outline
See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and
tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
2
Chapter 19
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Blood

3
Functions of Blood
  • Transport of
  • Gases, nutrients, waste products
  • Processed molecules
  • Regulatory molecules
  • Regulation of pH and osmosis
  • Maintenance of body temperature
  • Protection against foreign substances
  • Clot formation

4
Composition of Blood
5
Plasma
  • Liquid part of blood
  • Pale yellow made up of 91 water, 9 other
  • Colloid Liquid containing suspended substances
    that dont settle out
  • Albumin Important in regulation of water
    movement between tissues and blood
  • Globulins Immune system or transport molecules
  • Fibrinogen Responsible for formation of blood
    clots

6
Formed Elements
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Granulocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Agranulocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Platelets (thrombocytes)

7
Production of Formed Elements
  • Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis Process of blood
    cell production
  • Stem cells All formed elements derived from
    single population
  • Proerythroblasts Develop into red blood cells
  • Myeloblasts Develop into basophils, neutrophils,
    eosinophils
  • Lymphoblasts Develop into lymphocytes
  • Monoblasts Develop into monocytes
  • Megakaryoblasts Develop into platelets

8
Hematopoiesis
9
Erythrocytes
  • Structure
  • Biconcave, anucleate
  • Components
  • Hemoglobin
  • Lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase
  • Function
  • Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon
    dioxide from tissues to lungs

10
Hemoglobin
  • Consists of
  • 4 globin molecules Transport carbon dioxide
    (carbonic anhydrase involved), nitric oxide
  • 4 heme molecules Transport oxygen
  • Iron is required for oxygen transport

11
Erythropoiesis
  • Production of red blood cells
  • Stem cells proerythroblasts early
    erythroblasts intermediate late
    reticulocytes
  • Erythropoietin Hormone to stimulate RBC
    production

12
Hemoglobin Breakdown
13
Leukocytes
  • Types
  • Neutrophils Small phagocytic cells
  • Eosinophils Reduce inflammation
  • Basophils Release histamine and increase
    inflammatory response
  • Lymphocytes Immunity
  • Monocytes Become macrophages
  • Protect body against microorganisms and remove
    dead cells and debris
  • Movements
  • Ameboid
  • Diapedesis
  • Chemotaxis

14
Leukocytes
15
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16
  • Macrophages
  • - are the main phagocytes of the body.
  • Neutrophils
  • - are the first responders and become phagocytic
    when they encounter infectious material.

17
  • Eosinophils
  • - are weakly phagocytic but are important in
    defending the body against parasitic worms.
  • Mast cells
  • - have the ability to bind with, ingest, and kill
    a wide range of bacteria.

18
Natural killer cells
  • They are able to lyse and kill
  • - cancer cells
  • - virally infected cells
  • before the adaptive immune system has been
    activated

19
Leukocytes
20
Thrombocytes
  • Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in
    red bone marrow
  • Important in preventing blood loss
  • Platelet plugs
  • Promoting formation and contraction of clots

21
Hemostasis
  • Arrest of bleeding
  • Events preventing excessive blood loss
  • Vascular spasm Vasoconstriction of damaged blood
    vessels
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Coagulation or blood clotting

22
Platelet Plug Formation
23
Coagulation
  • Stages
  • Activation of prothrombinase
  • Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  • Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
  • Pathways
  • Extrinsic
  • Intrinsic

24
Clot Formation
25
Fibrinolysis
  • Clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme
    which hydrolyzes fibrin

26
Blood Grouping
  • Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on surface
    of RBCs
  • Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC
    antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping)
    or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
  • Groups
  • ABO and Rh

27
ABO Blood Groups
28
Agglutination Reaction
29
Rh Blood Group
  • First studied in rhesus monkeys
  • Types
  • Rh positive Have these antigens present on
    surface of RBCs
  • Rh negative Do not have these antigens present
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
  • Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross
    placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis of
    fetal RBCs

30
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
31
Diagnostic Blood Tests
  • Type and crossmatch
  • Complete blood count
  • Red blood count
  • Hemoglobin measurement
  • Hematocrit measurement
  • White blood count
  • Differential white blood count
  • Clotting

32
Blood Disorders
  • Erythrocytosis RBC overabundance
  • Anemia Deficiency of hemoglobin
  • Iron-deficiency
  • Pernicious
  • Hemorrhagic
  • Hemolytic
  • Sickle-cell
  • Hemophilia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Leukemia
  • Septicemia
  • Malaria
  • Infectious mononucleosis
  • Hepatitis
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