Sudan

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Sudan
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Sudan Land of the blacks arabic
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Ancient History

• Prehistoric tools along the Nile date from 65,000
  BC (Early Khartoum)
• Region of Nubia
• Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt
• Along the banks of the Nile
• Homeland of Africa's earliest black culture.
• Trading route between Mediterranean tropical
  Africa.

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Nubia

• Nubian Civilization dates from 3,100 BC.
• Artifacts
• Monuments
• Written accounts from Egypt and Rome
• Land of the bowmen
• Archaeology (much of Nubian land was submerged
  under the Aswan Dam and other large projects
  1960s- emergency excavation.

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Key Periods in Sudan's History

• 1750 BC rise of the Kerma from scattered kingdoms
  one of the oldest urban areas in Africa.
• 1500 BC conquered by Eygptians
• 1000 BC Egyptian empire shattered rise of Kush
  Empire
• 200 BC Meroe capitol Kushites turned towards
  south rather than north to Eygpt.

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Sudan's History

• 500 AD Christians in Sudan
• Mid 14th Century became Islamic and adopted
  arabic lanuage.
• 1821 Mohamed Ali Pasha, Ottoman Turkish ruler of
  Egypt, conquered Sudan
• 1881 Mahdi overthrew colonial Egyptian goverment
• 1898 British Lord Kitchener overthrew Mahdi
• Anglo-Egyptian colonial rule
• 1956 Independence

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Kerma

• Ta-Sety (the Land of the Archers Bow)
• most ancient urban civilization outside Egypt
• hub of trading network -sub-Saharan Africa, Red
  Sea and Mediterranean
• Gold, Ivory and ebony

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Excavating the city of Kerma
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Grave studies Kerma sites

• round or oval pits
• 4 to 5 ft deep
• food offerings belongings
• bodies always flexed, on R sides,hands in front
  of faces, feet to the W, heads to the E, looking
  N.
• Source C.Bonnet, Tomb of archer, Kerma 2200 BC

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Burials

• Excavations in Kerma reveal the beginnings of a
  custom of human sacrifice (in some cases several
  100s).
• The belief in an afterlife in which servants
  would be necessary for the noble wealthy.

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Kerma

• 1700-1550 BC Inlay from funeral furniture
• Source Boston Museum of Fine Arts

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Artifacts Pottery

• Kerma pottery
• Tulip beaker
• Source Digital Egypt

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Jebel Barkal

• Historical city of Nepata southern most limit
  of Egyptian Empire (1500-1080 BC).
• Later center of independent kingdom of Kush (8thC
  BC) Source Timothy Kendall

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Jebel Barkal World Heritage Site

• Ancients and Egyptians were intrigued by the
  unusual rock formations.
• Egptians thought it was the birthplace home of
  their supreme diety, Amun built a large temple
  here.
• Nubians' primary religious and coronation site in
  the eighth century B.C.
• At least 3 palaces, 17 temples and 9 pyramids

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World Heritage Site1905 Breasted Expedition
Temple of Amun
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Nubian Ram at Temple of Amun
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Nubian PyramidPhoto Ben Lory, DISCOVER Vol. 26
No. 12 December 2005 Anthropology

• One of 9 at Jebel Barkal.
• 45ft high
• Ist Century B.C.
• Nubians made 180 pyramids (2 x number Egyptians
  constructed)

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Gold artifacts

• Many of the artifacts were looted from the site
• Hinged bracelet of gold with enamel decoration
  showing a seated figure of the goddess Hathor and
  geometrical pattern two hinges loop on each end.

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Nubian Royal Cemetary at Meroe(250 BC -350
AD)source Dr. Stuart Tyson Smith (UCSB).
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Meroe Artifacts

• Nubians moved their capitol south to Meroe.
• Many treasures like this Museum of Fine Arts,
  Boston
• Amulet of feline-headed goddess
• Nubian, Napatan Period, 435431 B.C.

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• Pharaonic tradition - stelae pyramids
• centralized political system - employed artisans'
  skills, large work force.
• Good irrigation - high population density
• Ist C BC - hieroglyphs gave way to Meroitic
  script that adapted the Egyptian writing system
  to an indigenous, Nubian-related language.
• Succession - matriarchal royal family member
  deemed most worthy often became king. The queen
  mother's role was crucial . The crown appears to
  have passed from brother to brother (or sister)
  and only when no siblings remained from father to
  son.

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Christians In Sudan500 AD to 1400AD

• 1960s excavation turned into a sensation at
  Faras- Nubian center
• Found cathedral with over 120 wall-paintings, 8th
  to 12th century
• Influence Byzantine art, Egyptian Coptic art.
  Palestinian

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Faras Cathedral Frescos
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14th C. Arabs taken over from ChristianityMosque
at Dongolo (converted palace)
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Five pillars of Islam

• Shahada or profession of faith is the
  affirmation "There is no god but God (Allah) and
  Muhammad is his prophet."
• Salat prayer at five specified times of the day.
  
• Sawm fasting. Ramadam
• Zakat almsgiving (helping poor)
• Haii pilgrimage to Mecca

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