Morphemes

1
Morphemes
2
A little Persian
Suffix
Morpheme
-i

dana
xub
daroSt
bozorg
Sirin

danai
xubi
daroSti
bozorgi
Sirini
3
A little Persian
Suffix
Morpheme
-i
Noun Former
Persian English
dana wise
xub good
daroSt thick
bozorg big
Sirin sweet
Persian English
danai wisdom
xubi goodness
daroSti thickness
bozorgi size
Sirini sweetness
4
A little Persian
Suffix
Morpheme
-i
Noun Former





Sirin sweet





Sirini sweetness
Simplex
Complex
adjective gt adjective-affixnoun
Noun
Noun
Af
Adjective
Adj
Adjective
Adj
Af
5
The smallest signifier/signified bundles

• un-
• Antonym former
• re-
• Iterative former
• draw
• Verb, to make representative marks
• -s
• Third-singular-present agreement former
• -ing
• Present-participle former

6
Homophony/PolysemyBut, its not a piece of cake

• -ing
• Present-participle former
• Oriana is drawing the cat
• -ing
• Gerund former
• Orianas drawing of the cat is beautiful.
• -ing
• Adjective former
• Orianas drawing chalk is the white one

7
English -er

• farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer, printer,
  
• Londoner, Winnipeger,
• villager, foreigner,
• printer, toaster, heater, freezer,
• page-turner, reader, drawer,
• chatter, mutter, flicker,
• triple-decker, porker,

Agentive
Locative1 (geographic)
Locative2 (type)
Instrumental
Patient
Frequentive
Other
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Radial networkEnglish -er
generalization
inversion
specialization
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Productivity

• The relative ability to produce new words.
• -er
• farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser,
  sleeper, weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber,
  butcher, baker, candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter,
  ludniffer,
• a-
• asexual, amoral, achromatic, ?

10
Productivity

• petro-
• petroleum, Petrocanda, petrochemical,
  petrodollars, petropolitics,

• -cast
• broadcast, telecast, newscast, sportscast,
  podcast,

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Productivity

• cran-
• cranberry, cran-apple, cran-cherry, cran-grape,
  cran-raspberry, crangerine, cran-mango,
• huckle-
• huckleberry
• rasp-
• raspberry

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SignifierSemasiology
SignifiedOnomasiology
Bound!Derivational!
What type is -i?

• Morpheme form
• free ( word)
• bound ( affix)
• prefix
• suffix
• infix
• circumfix

• Morpheme function
• derivational
• change meaning dramatically, and/or word category
• inflectional
• never change category, and only change meaning
  very subtly

Noun
Af
adjective
xubi
13
SignifierSemasiology
SignifiedOnomasiology

• Morpheme form
• free ( word)
• bound ( affix)
• prefix
• suffix
• infix
• circumfix

• Morpheme function
• derivational
• change meaning dramatically, and/or word category
• inflectional
• never change category, and only change meaning
  very subtly

Noun
Af
adjective
xubi

• adjective ? adjective-inoun

14
Affix rules

• prefix
• oldcategory ? affix-oldcategorynewcategory
• suffix
• oldcategory ? oldcategory-affixnewcategory
• infix
• oldcategory ? old-affix- categorynewcategory
• circumfix
• oldcategory ? af-oldcategory-fixnewcategory

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CompoundsMorphological analysis
Noun
Adjective
Noun
blackboard
16
Free morphemeMorphological analysis
Noun? Verb? Adjective? Adverb? Preposition? Determ
iner? Qualifier? Quantifier? Who cares?
?
fly
17
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Noun
fly
18
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Verb
fly
19
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Adjective
fly
20
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
?
Af
?
flies
21
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
Noun
Af
Noun
Plural
flies
22
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
Verb
Af
Verb
3rd singularpresentagreement
flies
23
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
Adjective
Af
Adjective
flies
24
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Adjective
Adjective
?
?
Af
Adjective
Af
Adjective
flier
fliest
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Optionality
optionality
26
Optionality
Noun
optionality
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Optionality
Noun
Adj
optionality
28
Optionality
Noun
Adj
Noun
Af
optionality
29
Optionality
Noun
Adj
Noun
Af
Verb
Af
Af
optionality
30
Optionality
Noun
Adj
Noun
Af
Verb
Af
Af
optionality
31
Roots and stems
stems
optionality
root
32
Ainu (Japan)
haparu soft
ehaparu to be unable to endure
niSte hard
eniSte to be able to endure
pirka good
epirka to gain
wen bad
ewen to lose
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adjective gt e-adjectiveverb
e- verb former Stativehave adjectival quality Activechange towardsstate described by adjective
verb former Stativehave adjectival quality Activechange towardsstate described by adjective
verb former Stativehave adjectival quality Activechange towardsstate described by adjective
34
Ainu (Japan)
Verb
Adjective
Af
e pirka
35
Bontoc (Philippines)

• kumilad he is becoming red
• fumusul he is becoming an enemy
• fikas strong
• fumikas he is becoming strong
• fusul enemy
• bato stone
• bumato he is becoming hard
• kilad red

Whats he reading?
36
Bontoc (Philippines)
kumilad he is becoming red

• -um-
• third-person
• singular
• masculine
• inchoative
• verb-former

he, not I or you
he, not they
he, not she or it
becoming
is state change
37
Bontoc (Philippines)
k um ilad
38
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
wakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow

pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
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MorphophonologyZoque possessives
wakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow

pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
40
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
wakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow

pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
41
MorphologyZoque possessives
-j- third-person singular masculine possessive
42
MorphologyZoque possessives
b j uRu
43
Morphology noun gt n-j-ounnoun
b j uRu
44
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
m-, n-, N- first-person singular possessive
45
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
Noun
Noun
Noun
Af
Af
Af
Noun
Noun
Noun
Assimilation in place of articulation
m pama
n wakas
N kama
46
Morphology

• Semasiological
• free (word)
• bound (affix)
• Onomasiological
• derivational (new word)
• inflectional (new function)
• Rules
• Structures
• Productivity

break
unbreakable
breakable
breaks
verb ? verb-affixadjective
breakable, lovable, knowable, movable, singable,
blorkable,