Also known as: Rhetorical Devices

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Literary Elements

• Also known as Rhetorical Devices

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Characterization

• The way in which the author creates and develops
  his/her characters.
• Direct characterization characteristics told to
  the reader through the text.
• Indirect characterization characteristics
  discovered by the reader through dialogue,
  characters actions and interactions with others.

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Point of View (POV)

• The way in which the author chooses to tell the
  story.
• Four main points of view

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4 Points of View

• 1st person the story is told by a character of
  the story using I speak. Think personal
  narratives!
• (Examples Twilight, Lightning Thief, La Linea,
  The Dream Bearer)
• 2nd person rarely used in fiction. Uses You
  speak. Most often seen in how-to or self help
  writing. (Example How to get Organized without
  Losing It)

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4 Points of View (cont.)

• 3rd person limited the story is told by a
  narrator who is not part of the story. The
  narrator follows ONE character through the story.
• (Examples Bar Code Tattoo, Stormbreaker, The
  Conch Bearer)
• 3rd person omniscient the story is told by a
  narrator who is not part of the story. This
  narrator can follow SEVERAL or ALL characters at
  the same time through the story. Usually uses
  different chapters to tell about different
  characters.
• (Examples Harry Potter, Rangers Apprentice,
  Artemis Fowl)

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Conflict

• Major or important problem of the story
• Does not always have to be a bad thing
• Stories have multiple conflicts.

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Internal vs. External Conflicts
Internal Conflict Conflict that occurs inside the
mind of a character An argument you have with
yourself A difficult decision that has to be
made Internal inside invisible-ish
External Conflict Conflict that occurs outside of
the mind External conflicts can be seen. A fist
fight or argument with a friend A character
battling against a flood
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4 Types of Conflicts

• Character vs. character external
• Character vs. nature/animal external
• Character vs. God/uncontrollable force external
• Character vs. self internal
• Be able to give and recognize examples of each. ?

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Suspense

• Is a feeling of growing tension and excitement.
• It makes the reader want to keep reading to find
  out what will happen next.
• Roller coasters and scary movies are suspenseful
  (and fun!)

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Foreshadowing

• A hint about an event that will occur later in
  the story.
• Often designed to build suspense and keep the
  reader guessing about the outcome of an event.
• Example At the time, we had no idea that we
  would never see her again.
• Chapter Two of Downsiders hints at the causes of
  the Great Shaft Disaster which unfolds later in
  the story.

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Mood

• the feeling the writer creates for the readers
• Moods may be suspenseful, sad, exciting or calm
• The young boy sat upright in bed, sure that he
  had heard a sound in the hallway. He strained to
  listen more closely. Were those footsteps that
  he heard creeping towards his room? But how can
  behe was home alone tonight. He looked over at
  his door and noticed the doorknob begin to slowly
  turn in a clockwise direction. Whoever or
  whatever was in the hallway was about to come
  into his room!

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Flashback

• When the author takes the reader back in time to
  see an event that has already occurred.
• Helps the reader understand a situation better.
• Gives background information
• Often occurs as a dream, daydreaming, or a
  character being lost in thought.

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Flashback

• Turn to page 7 of The Conch Bearer
• Skim and scan the page. Can you find the
  foreshadowing within the flashback?

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Tone

• the writers attitude toward his/her subject
• Tone can often be inferred by analyzing the
  writers choice of words and details.

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Symbol

• A person, place or object that stands for
  something else.
• Often stand for something invisible like a
  feeling or idea
• What is a common symbol for
• Freedom - Love

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Plot/Plot Chart

• Plot - the pattern of events or main story in a
  piece of fiction or drama
• A Plot Chart is a graphic representation of the
  events in a story

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Alliteration

• The repeating of the same BEGINNING sound in
  several words near each other.
• Tongue twisters are great examples of
  alliteration!
• Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

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Hyperbole

• An extreme exaggeration that emphasizes a point
• It is not meant to be taken literally
• Example I am so hungry I could eat a horse!

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• Appetite
• In a house the size of a postage stamplived a
  man as big as a barge.His mouth could drink the
  entire riverYou could say it was rather
  largeFor dinner he would eat a trillion
  beansAnd a silo full of grain,Washed it down
  with a tanker of milkAs if he were a drain.

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Personification

• A type of metaphor in which human characteristics
  or feelings are given to an animal or object
• Example The young kitten jumped for joy!
• Example The grass whispers softly in the wind.

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• The Cat The Fiddle
• Hey diddle, diddle,The cat and the fiddle,The
  cow jumped over the moonThe little dog laughed
  To see such sport,And the dish ran away with
  the spoon.
• By Mother Goose

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Personification Lesson
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Simile

• A way of describing something using the words
  like or as in a comparison
• Example Her hair is as beautiful as a sunset.
• Example His eyes twinkled like stars in the sky.

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• Flint
• An emerald is as green as grass,A ruby red as
  bloodA sapphire shines as blue as heavenA
  flint lies in the mud.
• A diamond is a brilliant stone,To catch the
  world's desireAn opal holds a fiery sparkBut
  a flint holds a fire.
• Christina Rossetti 1830-1894

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Simile
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Metaphor

• All the world's a stage,And all the men and
  women merely players,They have their exits and
  their entrances
• William Shakespeare

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Metaphor

• A metaphor is a figure of speech that says that
  one thing is another different thing. This allows
  us to use fewer words and forces the reader or
  listener to find the similarities.
• The simplest form of metaphor is "The first
  thing is a second thing."
• Her home was a prison.

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The Highwayman by Alfred Noyes

• The wind was a torrent of darkness among the
  gusty trees,The moon was a ghostly galleon
  tossed upon cloudy seas,The road was a ribbon of
  moonlight over the purple moor,And the
  highwayman came riding--Riding--riding--The
  highwayman came riding, up to the old inn-door.

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Theme

• The message or moral of the story.
• This is what the author wants the reader to
  understand or come away from the story with.
• It is often a message about life or human nature.
• Themes are not single words they are big ideas
  or sentences.
• One story can have multiple themes.