Chapter 18- Foreign Policy (FP)

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Chapter 18- Foreign Policy (FP)

• (1). Outline history of US Foreign Policy (FP)
  from isolationism thru Cold War to post-Cold War
  era.
• (2). Define the following key FP terms Monroe
  Doctrine, globalism, containment Truman
  Doctrine, NATO, 3rd World, détente, enlargement,
  and neo-isolationism.
• (3). Define national interest contrast decision
  making for FP w/that for domestic policy.
• (4). Discuss the enumerated implied powers set
  by the Constitution for making FP.
• (5). Examine the inherent advantage of the
  President in making foreign policy.
• (6). Outline the role of the White House, the
  Bureaucracy, the Congress, and the Public in
  shaping American foreign policy.
• (7). Discuss the US National Security structure
  and key DOD organizations leaders.
• (8). Discuss Foreign Policy challenges facing the
  U.S. in the Post-Cold War era.
• (9). Assess the future direction of US National
  Security Policy and Military Strategy, required
  military Force Levels, Mission Creep,
  Multi-nationalism, WMD, and BMD.
• (10). Discuss current foreign policy issues and
  their political impact on the U.S.
• - War on Terrorism - War with Iraq
  - North Korea - Arab-Israeli conflict -
  Domestic economic slump - the uncertain
  future

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US Foreign Policy (FP)A Brief History
1798-1941 The Isolationist Era
1942-1945 World War II (start of Globalism)
1946-1989 The Cold War
1990-present Post-Cold War
New category after 9/11/2001
Lets examine these periods in greater detail
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Brief History of U.S. Foreign Policy

• Isolationism
• A foreign policy built on the principle of
  avoiding formal military and political alliances
  with other countries.
• The Isolationist Era
• 1st 150 yrs of US History
• Adherence to guidance of Washingtons Farwell
  address
• Stressed avoiding political connections overseas
• Pursue commercial trade ties only
• US militarily weak focused on expansion
  westward
• Not interested in global role (2 oceans of
  separation)
• What FP Doctrine asserted US interests for the
  first time outside America, primarily throughout
  Western Hemisphere (1823)?

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The Monroe Doctrine
A basic principle of U.S. foreign policy that
dates back to a warning President James Monroe
issued in 1823 that the United States would
resist further European efforts to intervene in
the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
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Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• Invoked 1895 early FP involvement outside US
• Aim Protect US interest in Western Hemisphere
• US involvement overseas primarily in LATAM
• US Military Intervention escalated beginning in
  1900

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World War I

• US deviated from Isolationism briefly during WWI

• WW1 (W. Wilson)gt make world safe for democracy
• After WW1gt isolationism returns w/vengeance
• Senate rejects League of Nations Versailles
  treaty
• Sets the stage for next global war gt ?

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World War II

• WWIIgt US stays out of War as Hitler first
  attacks
• Why does US change its mind about involvement?

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Air Raid Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941
Impact on American Public Opinion?
Following WWIIgt US rethinks previous isolationism
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Globalism Era gt The Cold War

• Globalism
• US should be prepared to use military force
  around the globe to protect its political
  economic interests
• Following WWII gt who emerges as primary thereat
  to US political military interest?
• Presidential doctrine formulated as a result?
• Truman Doctrine
• US would actively oppose communists attempts to
  overthrow or conquer non-communist nations
• US Foreign Policy that emerged from the Truman
  Doctrine?

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Containment

• A bedrock principle of U.S. foreign policy from
  mid 1940s to early 1990s that emphasized the need
  to contain any further Soviet territorial
  communist ideological expansion.

What was the economic instrument of Containment?

• Marshall Plan US commitment to rebuild Europe
• 100 Billion appropriated for task in todays
  
• Soviets initially invited to participate
  (reaction?)

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Soviet Threat
IDEOLOGY
GEO-POLITICAL STRATEGIC
Containment
MILITARY
What was the military instrument of Containment?
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Cold War Military Alliances
NATO
Warsaw Pact
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Cold War Heats Up

• As Soviets become more aggressive
• US becomes more concerned
• Conduct major National Security reassessment
• NSC-68 National Security Strategy for
  Containment
• Concludes a major increase in defense spending
  required
• Truman administration balks at high price tag
• So NSC-68 filed in bottom drawer of someones
  safe
• Then what major military event occurred in June
  1950?

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Korean War
From US perspective, Soviets engaged indirectly
through NK China
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US versus USSR- The Indirect Approach

• Competition at marginsgt the 3rd World
• US primary Foreign Policy goal
• Prevent potential falling dominoes
• Major test of this goal Vietnam War
• US (Ike) supports French in SE Asia
• Aim Contain Soviet expansion in SEA
• US view of most global crises conflicts?
• Most viewed as Soviet/communist inspired
• USSR gt China gt North Vietnam gt South Vietnams
  guerilla insurgents
• How does the US (JFK) initially deal with South
  Vietnams insurgency?

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Counter Insurgency (CI)

• JFK sends Special Forces SEAL advisors to
  conduct CI

• LBJ expands US involvement following 1964 Tonkin
  Gulf incident

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Americanization of Vietnam War(1965-1968)

• Conventional US Troops take over fighting for SVN
• Reach high point of 540,000 US troops by 1969

The majority of Americans support US policy the
war until 1968
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The Tet Offensive- 1968

• The light at the end of the tunnel becomes a
  speeding trains headlight
• Americans become disillusioned with continuing
  the War as its bought home to them up front
  personal
• Look for a way out of Vietnam with honor

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Exit Strategy

• US involvement reached high point by late 1968
• America became acutely divided over war
• Following Tet Offensive most Americans just
  wanted out
• Seeking a way out of quagmire
• Nixon comes to power with secret plan to get
  out
• Vietnamization gt allow Peace with Honor
• February 1973gt Peace Accords signed
• War turned over to SVN US military forces
  withdraw
• 1975 Peace w/o Honor the Vietnam Syndrome
• Nixon sought Soviet help to get US out of Vietnam
• Aim Get Soviets China to push North Vietnam
  to peace talks
• Pursues easing of tensions between two
  superpowers- called?

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Détente

• A policy of Nixon administration followed to
  develop more cordial relations with the Soviet
  Union.
• Aimed in part in enlisting Soviet support to
  assist US in getting North Vietnam back to peace
  table serious negotiations
• So that US could get out of Vietnam with honor.
• Détente lasted until 1979
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in late 1979
  (Carter) brought US-Soviet Détente to an abrupt
  end.
• US-Soviet relations declined even more when
  Ronald Reagan took office (Evil Empire Speech)

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Reagan The Evil Empire

• Reagan pursues hard line with the Soviets
• A corrupt USSR system living on barrowed economic
  times
• Serious reform long past due to save it from
  collapse
• 1985 Mikhail Gorbachevgt comes to power
  attempts reform gt Perestroika Glasnost
• Problem Soviet system too corrupt broken to
  salvage
• Reagans SDIgt outspending the Soviets into
  defeat
• Unable to keep up with strategic arms race go
  broke trying
• Year of Revolution fall of Eastern Europe -
  1989
• Fall of Berlin Wall symbol of Soviet Communism
• US Military operations in Third World continued
• Grenada, Panama, Iraq 1
• (Clear lack of Soviet support for its former
  ally- Iraq)
• Fall of Soviet Union- 1991 End of Cold War

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After the Cold War

• New World Order
• Strategic reassessment (Bush I) tries to figure
  out what US should do during the post Cold War
  era
• Still trying to decide when Clinton is elected in
  1992
• Policy of Enlargement (Clinton)gt
• Expand democracy free markets globally
• Also use military force as required ( we did)
• Somalia 1993
• Haiti 1994
• Bosnia NATO peacekeeping- 1995
• Serbia bombing 1999
• Kosovo NATO bombing peacekeeping- 2000

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Foreign Policy Under George W. Bush

• Neo-isolationism from 2000 until 9/11/2001
• Theory US should take a step back
• Avoid always acting as worlds policeman
• Reality Campaign rhetoric gives way to real
  world once in office
• The world is still very dangerous America is
  not immune
• ON 9/11/2001 that reality hit home hard gt
  revised policy
• The Bush Doctrine
• Americas post 9/11/2001 Policy Strategy-
• Focus Counter Terror Policy National Security
  Strategy
• Preemptive strikes preventative war
• US invasion of Afghanistan Iraq II

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Foreign Policy (FP) Versus Domestic Policy (DP)

• National Interest its various degrees levels
• Vital vs. Important- (who decides?)
• Text Two presidencies
• At Home( weak president) vs. Abroad (strong one)-
  why?
• Five Sources of Presidential Foreign Policy
  power
• 1. The Constitution presidents enumerated vs.
  implied powers
• 2. Presidents inherent advantages in Foreign
  Policy
• 3. Role of precedent in presidential dealings in
  Foreign Policy
• 4. Supreme Court Rulings regarding presidential
  FP actions
• 5. Behavior of Congress when the President takes
  decisive action
• Lets examines these sources of power in greater
  detail

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1. The Constitution and Foreign Policy

• Article Igt enumerated Congressional powers
  include
• Provide for common defense
• Regulate commerce
• Define punish Piracies Felonies on high seas
• Declare War
• Raise support Armies maintain a Navy
• Make rules regulations for land naval forces
  (UCMJ)
• Power of the purse gt (fund or not fund military
  deployments)
• Article IIgt enumerated Presidential powers
• Commander in Chief (title or job description?)
• Power to make treaties (subject to Senates
  ratification)
• Appoint Ambassadors (Senate also has role- what?)

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2. The Presidents Inherent Advantages

• Foreign Policy success depends on (what?)
• Speed (quickly seize the initiative)
• Discretion (secrecy)
• Flexibility (shift priorities as needed
  compromise)
• Presidential initiatives depend on the venue
  used
• Foreign Policy (FP) vs. Domestic Policy (DP)-
• Difference between the two WRT presidential
  freedom of action?
• FP Unless Congress acts to halt presidents
  actions
• (Military Force Deployment) it stands- versus
• DP Until Congress agrees to act presidents
  initiative
• (Social Security reform)- nothing happens

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3. Precedent

• Presidents aggressive interpretation of FP
  powers
• Any presidential action establishes precedent
• If left unchallenged or challenge is
  unsuccessfulgt
• Implied power is successfully established as
  result
• Successors use as spring board for further
  expansion
• Truman to presentgt
• Implied power as CINC (Korean War- Text Box
  18-1)
• Title confers implied power to order troops into
  combat
• Now accepted as precedent (though grudgingly)
• Also depends on the perceived power popularity
  (poll numbers) of the president

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4. Supreme Court Rulings

• US v. Curtiss -Wright Export Corporation (1936)
• Court Decision Presidents FP powers go beyond
  Constitution
• Impact expanded implied Presidential powers in
  Foreign Policy
• US v. Belmont (37)gt executive agreement (vs.
  Treaty)
• Result executive agreements trend up- over 90
  (See Box 18-2)
• Furthermore Court usually refuses to hear
  challenges on FP
• Effect de facto Court support for presidential
  FP prerogatives
• Desire to avoid Presidential/Congress political
  disputes in FP
• Also Court believes FP rulings simply beyond
  their competence

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5. Behavior of Congress

• Partisan institutional divisions in Congressgt
• Results in their lack of unified action to
  challenge
• Belief in strong Presidential leadership in FP
• Electoral considerations
• (What if President is right? avoid voters
  displeasure)
• Post WWII vs. post Vietnam Congressional behavior
• End of Vietnam War Cold War gt
• More Congressional activism in Foreign Policy
• Post Iraq II Congressional behavior? (TBD)

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Next Assignment

• Thanksgiving Holiday (Wednesday no class)
• Travel safely!
• Chapter 18b Foreign Policy (Next Monday)
• Learning Objectives 6-10
• Preparation for Course Review (Wednesday 11/30)
• Also Department wide standardized test
  administered as well
• RESEARCH PAPER IS also DUE 11/30!!!
• Complete Instructor Evals today before you
  leave!

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Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy?
President
NSC
White House Staff
Foreign Policy Bureaucracies
Congress
American Public
How much power influence does each have on FP?
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Foreign Policy Power
Lets examine each more closely
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The White House NSC

• Role of President Vice President
• Varies w/administration
• Generallygt President has called all the shots
• Recently VP delegated a great deal of power
  influence
• Certainly true of this Administration
• National Security Council (NSC)
• Plays key role in formulating American Foreign
  Policy
• NSC advisor his or her staffs role
• Plays as either Honest broker or policy advocate
• Depends on Presidents preference NSC advisor
• Nixon Kissinger vs. Bush II Rice (now Hadley)

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National Security Council (NSC)

• Created in 1947
• Members include
• The President Vice President
• Secretary of State Secretary of Defense
• Director of CIA Chair of Joint Chiefs of Staff
• (Advisors to statutory members- subject to
  change)
• The staff is headed up by the National Security
  Advisor
• Other relevant Cabinet Secretaries invited as
  required

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Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
Defense Department
State Department
CIA Intel Community
NSC Staff (Coordinator)
Lets examine their specific Foreign Policy roles
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The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy

• Roles of Department of State (DOS) vs. Defense
  (DOD)
• Current Iraq II example DOD took the lead over
  State
• Major debate ensued
• (Winning the Peace vice just Winning the War)
• Personality driven debate (who has the most
  influence?)
• Uniformed Armed Svs role
• Chairman Joint Chiefs
• (CJCS JCS chiefs)
• Military judgments in a political world (The
  Challenge?)

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Intelligence community

• Intelligence community selected agencies
• Major current power shifts creating disruptions
• DNI CIA- whos on first? (TBD )
• Expertise experience must be taken into account
• Recent Intel failure illustrates problem when
  notgt
• Telling the boss always what he wants to hear?
• Impact? (Tends to downplay unpleasant or hard
  news)
• Also all Agencies compete with each other for
  power, influence, (Budget share)
• Result Tends to drive US FP to also include what
  in their recommendations?
• Agencys own interests agenda

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Congress Foreign Policy

• Constitution (Article I) assigns Congress
  explicit powers
• Result Considerable theoretical influence in
  foreign policy
• Before WWI II, Congress tended to assert
  greater role in Foreign Policy
• During the 1950s and 1960s Congress typically
  deferred to the Executive Branch
• (Since WWII start of Cold War)
• During 1970s and 1980s Congressional activism in
  foreign policy grew (Post Vietnam Watergate)
• Post 9/11 Congress tended to defer to President
  (at first)
• Now appears to be re-asserting itself as war
  becomes unpopular

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Congress Foreign Policy (2)

• So extent of power influence varies over time
• Cold War vs. post-Watergate post-Vietnam War
  vs.
• Post 9/11 (and back to the future)
• 3 ways Congress influences Foreign Policy
• 1. Substantive legislation
• appropriations shape policy gt power
• 2. Procedural legislation
• How laws regulations must be applied wrt Policy
• 3. Efforts to shape Public Opinion
• (Democrats vs. GOP on success or failure of Iraq
  II)

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Public Opinion Foreign Policy

• Two options for the Public to shape Foreign
  Policy
• 1. Join interest groups lobby Congress
  President
• 2. Vote for candidates aligned with their
  political views
• Public seldom able to effect day to day polices
  (Iraq II)
• Often policy makers decide with little regard to
  the Public why?
• Public lack detailed knowledge expertise
• Apathy (most dont even know or care where crisis
  spot is)
• More concerned with domestic economic issues
• Public usually rallies around President once
  conflict starts
• Initial resistance to deployment gt then active
  support
• But with time support will wane if casualties
  grow and/or progress seems to take too long at
  too high a price
• Then the Public makes its concerns known with
  impact

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Impact of Public Opinion on Foreign Policy

• Public Opinion provide decision makers with very
  little guidance, but
• Two indirect effects of Public Opinion
• 1. Constrains future policies which can be
  considered
• Example Vietnam legacy gt Vietnam syndrome
• 2. Determines Washingtons FP priorities (with
  the media)
• Iraq II examplegt looters initially brushed off
  by SECDEF
• Media alerted public public became concerned
  re. Iraqi Museum
• As result FBI went to Iraq to track down stolen
  antiquities
• Recent Public concern for Intel failure wrt WMD
• Forced Administration to adjust reason for
  invasion (democracy)
• Then forced to defend itself against critics
  (cherry picking Intel?)

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Challenges of the PostCold War Era

• Major debate continues
• What should the US role be in the post-Cold War
  era?
• Disagreements over Goals Strategies Change
• Terror strike of 9/11/2001 changed everything
• Debate now centers on strategy to prevent 2nd
  attack
• Preventive War pre-emptive strikes (Bush
  Doctrine)
• (Containment strategy no longer viable option)-
  why?
• Soviet Union no longer exists suicide bombers
  cant be logically deterred
• Homeland Security Defense at what expense?
• Whats at stake Cost in Freedoms

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US Defense Spending (in 1962-2010)
Another way to look at Defense Spending?
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DOD Budget (as of GDP)
Korean War
of G D P
Vietnam War (High point)
Cold War Ends
9/11
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Future Challenges to US Foreign Policy

• Disagreements about the goals and strategies of
  American foreign policy for 21st century
• An ever changing foreign policy agenda
• Cold War gt Post Cold War gt Bush Doctrine
• Unilateral versus multilateral FP approach
• How are they different?

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Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism

• Unilateralism
• The tendency of the US to act alone in foreign
  affairs without consulting other countries.

• Multilateralism
• Three or more Nations cooperate together to
  solve some common foreign policy problem

Particular approach selected will depend on the
major FP problems the US will face during the
21st Century
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Potential Problems in US Foreign Policy for 21st
Century

• The United States will face complex problems in
• Nuclear proliferation (North Korea Iran)
• Military interventions (The Middle East exiting
  Iraq)
• Economic policy (Trade imbalance w/China ME Oil
  prices)
• Globalization (Global interdependence domestic
  impact)
• Inter-mestic issues (Foreign Policy impact at
  home)
• Human rights (American ideals vs. US National
  interests)
• Homeland Security (Balancing security with
  liberties)
• The unknown threat (Future 9/11s?)

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The Last Assignment

• Review prepare for Final Exam
• 25 question standardized test will also be
  administered
• Questions answers to Midterm Test II
• Review come prepared to ask your questions
• (last chance to clarify any uncertainty)
• Essay Question Prep Review (Handout last week)
• Turn in your Research Paper on Wednesday 11/30
• Include Bibliography and endnotes/sources cited

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Chapter 18 KEY TERMS

• Cold War A phrase used to describe the high
  level of tension and distrust that characterized
  relations between the Soviet Union and the United
  States from the late 1940s until the early 1990s.
• Containment A bedrock principle of U.S. foreign
  policy from the 1940s to the 1980s that
  emphasized the need to prevent communist
  countries, especially the Soviet Union, from
  expanding the territory they controlled.
• Detente A policy the Nixon administration
  followed to develop more cordial relations with
  the Soviet Union.
• Engagement The policy of encouraging U.S. trade
  and investment in a country in an effort to
  encourage it to pursue policies more to Americas
  liking.
• Enlargement The policy President Bill Clinton
  proposed as a substitute for containment. It
  calls on the United States to promote the
  emergence of market democracies that is,
  countries that combine a free market economic
  system with a democratic political system.
• Executive agreements International agreements
  that, unlike treaties, do not require the
  approval of two-thirds of the Senate to become
  binding on the United States.
• Foreign Service Officers Career professional
  diplomats who work for the Department of State.
• Free trade An economic policy that holds that
  lowering trade barriers will benefit the
  economies of all the countries involved.
• Globalism The idea that the United States
  should be prepared to use military force around
  the globe to defend its political and economic
  interests.
• Globalization The process by which growing
  economic relations and technological change make
  countries increasingly interdependent.

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Chapter 18 KEY TERMS (2)

• Intermestic issues Issues such as trade, the
  environment, and drug trafficking that affect
  both domestic and foreign interests.
• Isolationism A foreign policy built on the
  principle of avoiding formal military and
  political alliances with other countries.
• Marshall Plan A multibillion-dollar U.S. aid
  program in the late 1940s and early 1950s that
  helped Western European countries rebuild their
  economies in the wake of World War.
• Monroe Doctrine A basic principle of U.S.
  foreign policy that dates back to a warning
  President James Monroe issued in 1823 that the
  United States would resist further European
  efforts to intervene in the affairs of the
  Western Hemisphere.
• Multilateralism An approach in which three or
  more countries cooperate for the purpose of
  solving some common problem.
• National interest The idea that the United
  States has certain interests in international
  relations that most Americans agree on.
• National Missile Defense (NMD) A weapons system
  that, if it can be made to work, would
  potentially protect the United States and
  possibly its allies against attack by long-range
  ballistic missiles.
• Neo-conservativism Recent resurgence of
  Conservative ideology, especially toward Foreign
  Policy.
• Neo-isolationism The idea that the United
  States should reduce its role in world affairs
  and return to a foreign policy similar to the one
  it pursued before World War II.
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) A
  military alliance founded in 1949 for the purpose
  of defending Western Europe from attack. Members
  of NATO include the United States, Canada, and
  fourteen European countries.

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Chapter 18 KEY TERMS (3)

• Sovereignty The power of self-rule.
• Third World A term loosely defined to mean the
  developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin
  America.
• Truman Doctrine A policy, announced by
  President Truman in 1947, that the United States
  would oppose communist attempts to overthrow or
  conquer non-communist countries.
• Two presidencies The argument that presidents
  have much greater influence over the content of
  foreign policy than the content of domestic
  policy.
• Unilateralism The tendency of the United States
  to act alone in foreign affairs without
  consulting other countries.
• World Trade Organization (WTO) The
  international trade agency that began operation
  in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement
  on Tariffs and Trade.