PIA 2000

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PIA 2000

• Introduction to Public Affairs

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Week 3

• Contemporary Models of Governance and
  Socio-Economic Change

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(No Transcript)
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Overview

• Political Models
• The Public Sector and the Economy
• The European Model, North Atlantic Unity and
  Japan
• The Debates Over Development Africa, Asia and
  Latin America
• Comparative Methodology Issues

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A Governance Ideal
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Political Models

• Separation of Powers
• Parliamentary System
• Mixed Systems of Government
• One Party or No Party Systems

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Separation of Powers

• Presidential System

• U.S.
• Mexico
• Philippines
• Many Latin
• American
• Countries

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Parliamentary System Cabinet or Fused Government

• United Kingdom
• Scandinavia
• Central Europe
• India
• Former British Colonies

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The French Hybrid- The Mixed Presidential Model

• France
• French Colonies
• Weak Hybrids with a Ceremonial President

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One Party States Democratic Centralism

• Communist or Leninist States
• Afro-Marxist
• Fascist
• No Party Regimes
• Weak Party Systems

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Absolutism
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2. The Public Sector and the Economy

• Free Market
• Mixed or Social Democratic
• Socialist Industrialization
• Autarcky with Rural Mobilization
• Corporate/ Fascist

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Ideology as Social Science
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The Public Sector and the Economy

• Reminder
• Karl Marx- The Other German-
• Source of ideas about the developmental state.
  Marx as a Social Scientist not an Ideologue. The
  contemporary of Max Weber

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Karl Marx Another Five Minutes

• a.. Original Marxian views- State as the
  instrument of the ruling classes
• b. The dialectic and Historical Materialism
• c. Model (John Armstrong- The Conservative
  Marxist)
• -Thesis
• -Antithesis
• -Synthesis

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Dialectic

• Thesis Antithesis
• Synthesis

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Class Conflict Four Epochs

• Slavery
• Feudalism
• Capitalism
• Socialism
• e. Functionaries as the petty bourgeoisie
• f. Communism- state and the bureaucracy whither
  away

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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)(April 22 1870  
January 21, 1924)
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Command Economy- Revised by Lenin and Keynes

• Under socialism, government, the bureaucracy
  should manage the economy
• The development of an elaborate national planning
  system
• Keynes- Failure of market

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Command Economy

• The debate Keynesianism and European Socialism
  (the Rose)- How much is this part of Command
  Economy Framework? (Guy Peters)
• Development Administration Command Economics in
  the Third World? (Heady, Riggs vs. Vincent and
  Eleanor Ostrom)

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3. The European Model, North Atlantic Unity and
Japan

• Focus on the State Economic System
• Collectivist vs. Individualist Approach
• Europe vs. Anglo-Saxon
• Debates about Groups Competitive vs. Cooperative
  (Corporatist)

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Debate over the Economy

• 1. The International Contemporary State
  Continental Europe vs. the U.S. or the U.K.
• 2. Adam Smith, "the hidden hand" and Classical
  Economics- An Anglo-Saxon View esp. USA
• 3. Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union
  Command Economy (whole or part)

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Adam SmithJune 5, 1723  July 17, 1790
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Continental Europe

• Counter-influence of St. Simonism- an
  interventionist view (See John Armstrong).
• the era of abundance could be attained certainly
  and quickly. The guaranteed means were
  applications of science and technology to
  unrestricted mastery of nature.
• Count de Saint-Simon
• 1760-1825

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Count Henri de Saint-simon
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Social Democracy

• The Rose
• Socialism and the Rise of Labor in Europe
• The Second International
• All European Countries have a Social Democratic
  Party (The Second International)

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American Activism vs. European Socialism (U.S.
Social Democratic Party)
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Were All Keynesians NowFriday, Dec. 31, 1965
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Unification of the North Atlantic- 1930s-1970s-
The Primacy of Keynesianism

• 1. Monetary Policy
• 2. Fiscal Policy
• 3. Wage and Price controls

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The Functions of Government under Keynesian
Control

• 1. Traditional- police and law and order
• 2. National Defense
• 3. Social Services- Education and Health and
  Welfare
• 4. Resource Mobilization

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The Functions of Government under Keynesian
Control- Continued

• 6. Economic Growth generation From Roosevelt
  and the New Deal to Kennedy and Johnson, The
  Great Society
• 6. LDCs and Modernization Theory Agraria vs.
  Industria (Turner and Holm)
• 7.The challenge of Public Choice, rationalism
  and the University of Chicago School
  Neo-Orthodoxy- less influence outside of the
  Anglo-Saxon world

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4. The Debates Over Development Africa, Asia
and Latin America

• Colonial Heritage
• Political Nationalization
• Adapt Keynesianism
• Anti-Private Sector Pariah Groups, White
  Settlers, Chinese, Indians, Lebanese-Arabs (The
  Jews in Europe Debates)

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Conceptual Agraria vs. Industria
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The Development Model

• Modernization Theory
• State as Development Manager
• Industrialization vs. Rural Development
• The Take Off Point Capital Accumulation

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Breaktime

• Ten Minute Break

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Chalmers JohnsonAuthor of the Week (Japan and
Economic Development)
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Prologue Two Views of Government

• "There are several ways in which the government
  has influenced the structure of Japan's special
  institutions."1
• "What is lawful and therefore is unlawful,
  depends on the culture and the country in
  question."2
• 1 Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese
  Miracle (Stanford Stanford University Press,
  1982), p. 14.
• 2 Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption
  (Berkeley University of California Press, 1988),
  p. 3.

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Japan and Ministry of International Trade and
Industry (MITI)

• Asian Model
• Corporatist- Inter-meshing of state and Private
  Sector
• Management (not Political) Focus
• Growth and Export
• Model for Asian Tigers

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Ministry of International Trade and Industry

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• Block 10, Government Offices Complex, Jalan
  Duta,50622 KL, MalaysiaTel no 603-6203
  3022Fax no 603-6201 2337Emailwebmiti_at_miti.gov.
  my

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Comparative Methodology Issues

• Impact of the Third World Model
• Soft State Problem
• Weak Private Sector Problem
• Debates about Governance and Authoritarianism

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Fred Warren Riggs, 90, University of Hawaii at
Manoa, professor emeritus of political science,
passed away on February 9, 2008
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Riggs Life

• Professor Riggs was born in Kuling, China on
  July 3, 1917, the son of agricultural missionary
  parents Charles H. and Grace (Frederick) Riggs. 
  He attended Nanking University, 1934-35.

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Comparative Public Administration Issues

• a. The politics-administration dichotomy
• b. Environmental and cultural factors are
  important. Ecology as an issue
• c. Bureaucracy as a Negative? Keep government
  out of people's lives

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Comparative Methods
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ISSUES

• d. Comparative as a method- structural-functiona
  list
• e. Systemic influence on the individual- role
  definition, socialization and development of
  organizations vs. institutions

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Robert King Merton July 4, 1910 - February 23,
2003
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Development Administration C.A.G.- Focus on
comparative and development administration. Bad
reputation

• Foundations and CAG- chalets in Italy to discuss
  administrative and political development
• USAID and Universities- 3 out of every 4 dollars
  never left the U.S. Now .93 never leaves.
• Post-Vietnam and Iran
• Ferrel Heady, Founder of
• SICA, 1916-2006

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CAG Contined

• NIPAs, staff colleges and IDMs spring up all over
  Africa and Asia
• After 1975/80- Foundations pulled the plug
• CAG End of Ford grant, 1974
• Post-Vietnam syndrome Withdrawals, Ayatollas,
  now nine-one-one
• End of Development as a consensus
• Northern Tier goal

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THEORY Civil Society vs. State

• DEBATES
• John D. Montgomery vs. Milton Esman

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End of Macro-Approach

• 1.The Macro Approach No Longer In Vogue (except
  with Ferrel Heady)
• a. Systems building from Almond to Riggs
• b. Almond's functions and Easton's black boxes
• c. Theme- Look at common functions- focus on
  INSIDE processes of executive government

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Gabriel A. Almond (12 January 1911 25 December
2002)

• Inputs- Interest Articulation
• Interest Aggregation
• Socialization
• Conversion- The Black Box
• Outputs- Laws, Regulations
• And Policies

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End of Macro-Approach

• 2. Things often done by different structures and
  processes
• Key- Who makes rules
• - who carries out, implements
• 3. Critics Lack of systems level theory

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Systemic Approach to Governance and Development
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The Situation in 1983Modified "traditional
Approach"- A Micro and Meso level approach

• a. Most like an "orthodoxy" of public
  administration
• b. Comparative Study of
• 1. Parts of the System- budgeting, personnel,
  inter-governmental relations, policy process
• 2. Or whole systems- Britain vs. France, U.S.
  vs. Russia, Botswana vs. Tanzania- Not
  Comparative

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Middle Range Theory

• a. Problem- largely non-theory
• b. Focus on specific relationships eg.
  bureaucracy and political and moral variables
  within a country
• c. Mostly case studies- Egypt, Botswana, the
  U.S. All the same method. "The Case Study"

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Role Theory
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The Situation in 1989

• c. Often turns out to be very specific i.e.
  focused institutions
• 1. Ombudsman
• 2. Auditor General
• 3. Territorial Governor as rep. of national
  authority- the Prefectoral system
• d. The Problem Comparative studies of
  institutions are very expensive-run out of
  money/go back to case studies
• c. The New Solution Integration- The Whole of
  Government Approach

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Swedish Ombudsman
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From 1989-2001

• End of Cold War
• Application of Structural Adjustment to Socialist
  Countries
• September 11
• Democracy and Governance
• Public Private Partnerships

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Whole of Government
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2001-Present

• Micro-Issues
• Debate about Whole of Government
• Public-Private Partnerships
• Contracting Out
• Three Ds Diplomacy, Defense and Development

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SICA- The Current Generation Public-Private
Partnerships

• Jennifer Brinkerhoff George Washington
  University

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Authors of the Day

• Nadine Gordimer, Born, 1923

• James Thurber, 1894-1961

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Authors of the Week

• Franz Kafka, 1883-1924

• Robert Penn Warren, 1905-1989

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Discussion

• James Thurber, The Greatest Man in the World
• Franz Kafka, The Bureaucracy
• Nadine Gordimer, Africa Immigrants
• Robert Penn Warren, All The Kings Men
• Anything Else?