BIOLOGY CH 4

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BIOLOGY CH 4 ECOSYSTEMS COMMUNITIES In the
atmosphere, temperature, precipitation, other
environmental factors combine to produce weather
climate.
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Weather- day to day condition of Earths
atmosphere at a particular time place. Climate-
average year after year conditions of temperature
precipitation in a particular region.
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FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO EARTHS
CLIMATE -trapping of heat by the Earths
atmosphere -latitude -transport of heat by winds
ocean currents.
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(FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO EARTHS
CLIMATE) -amount of precipitation -(for global
climate patterns) shape elevation of land masses
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Climate is a global factor that produces a wide
range of environmental conditions that shapes
communities. Temperatures on Earth remain within
a suitable range for life as we know it because
of the GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
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The loss of heat to space is slowed by
atmospheric gases such as Carbon dioxide,
methane, water vapor a few other atmospheric
gasesAll of these gases are referred to as
Greenhouse Gases
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Greenhouse Effect- a natural phenomenon that
maintains Earths temperature range. Glass traps
heat energy inside a greenhouse much like the
atmospheric gases trap heat energy.
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Earths natural insulating blanket is the
atmosphere. Without the atmospheric insulation-
Earth would be 30 degrees CELSIUS cooler than it
is today.
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Earth is a sphere that is tilted on its axis.
This causes solar radiation to strike the Earth
at different angles depending on location time
of year. The amount, intensity, duration of
sunlight striking the Earth vary with latitude.
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As a result of differences in latitude thus
angle of heating, Earth has 3 main climate
zones POLAR TEMPERATE TROPICAL
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See Figure 4-2 page 88 Polar Zone- cold areas
where the suns rays strike at very low
angles. Temperate Zone- between polar tropical
zonesclimate ranges from hot to cold depending
on the changing angle of the sun.
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Tropical Zone- areas near the equator that
receive direct or nearly direct sunlight all
year. Climate is almost always warm. Earth has
three major climate zones because there are
differences in latitude therefore different
angles of heating from the sun.
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Unequal heating of the Earths surface has
important affects on Earths climate
regions. Unequal heating drives wind ocean
currents. It also causes winds to transport heat
throughout the biosphere.
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The tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to
sink creates global wind patterns.
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4-2 WHAT SHAPES AN ECOSYSTEM? BIOTIC ABIOTIC
factors determine the survival growth of an
organism AND the productivity of the ecosystem in
which the organism lives.
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BIOTIC FACTOR (Living Factors)- biological
influence on organisms within an ecosystem EX
plants, animals, other living organisms
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ABIOTIC FACTOR-(non-living factor) the physical
factors that shape ecosystems. EX climate,
precipitation, humidity, wind, sunlight, air
temperature, soil type.
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Habitat-(organisms address!) the area where an
organism lives, including the biotic abiotic
factors that affect the organism.
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• Niche- (organisms job!) the way the organism
  uses the range of physical biological
  conditions in which it lives.

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Example of a niche- organisms place in the food
weborrange of temperatures the organism needs
in order to surviveor the type of food an
organism eatshow it obtains its foodwhich other
species use the organism FOR FOOD.
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The combination of biotic abiotic factors in an
ecosystem often determine the of different
niches in an ecosystem. No 2 species can share
the same niche in the same habitatSee figure 4-5
page 92Different species can occupy niches that
are very similar.
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• Types of Community Interactions
• _COMPETITION- when organisms of the same or
  different species attempt to use an ecological
  resource in the same place at the same time.
• RESOURCE-any necessity of life, such as water,
  nutrients,light, food, or space.

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Competitive Exclusion Principle- no 2 species can
occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the
same time.
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(Types of Community Interactions) 2. PREDATION-
an interaction in which one organism captures
feeds on another organism. Predator- organism
that does the killing eating. Prey- the food
organism.
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Predator-Prey Relationships
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(Types of Community Interactions) 3. SYMBIOSIS-
any relationship in which 2 species live closely
together. Types of Symbiosis -Mutualism -Comme
nsalism -Parasitism
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MUTUALISM- a symbiosis in which both species
benefit. EX Bees Flowersflowers provide the
bees food the bees pollinate the flowers.
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Mutualism
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COMMENSALISM- a symbiotic relationship in which
one organism benefits the other is neither
helped nor harmed. EXBarnacles that attach to
whalesBarnacles do not harm nor help the whale-
but the whale provides movement and a method of
obtaining food for the barnacles.
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PARASITISM- one organism lives on or inside
another organism and harms it. HOST- the organism
from which the parasite obtains all or part of
its nutritional needs. EX Fleas, ticks, lice on
mammals.
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Parasitism
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ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION (Figure 4-7 page
94) Ecosystems are constantly changing in
response to natural human disturbances. As an
ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually
die out new organisms move in, causing further
changes in the community.
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ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION- A series of predictable
gradual changes that occur in living communities
over time. This event usually follows a
disturbance.
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Primary Succession- succession that occurs on
surfaces where no soil exists. EX a lava flow or
on an island covered with rock and volcanic
ashor on bare rock where a glacier melts.
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Primary Succession.
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Pioneer Species.
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PIONEER SPECIES-the first species to populate an
area. EX Lichens (Page 94 Figure 4-7)
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SECONDARY SUCCESSION- Succession following a
disturbance that destroys a community without
destroying the soil. EX land that has been
cleared plowed and left abandoned An area
devastated by fire, tornado or hurricanes.
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SUCCESSION IN A MARINE ECOSYSTEM SEE PAGE 96
FIGURE 4-9
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4-3 LAND BIOMES PAGE 98 BIOME-a particular
physical environment that contains a
characteristic assemblage of plants animals.
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Temperature precipitation are the 2 main
factors that determine a regions climate. Page
98 Figure 4-10 Climate Diagram.
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Figure 4-10 In which month does New Orleans have
the least precipitation? The Most? What general
trend do you see in the average monthly
temperatures throughout the year?
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In which month does New Orleans have the least
precipitation?Oct. The Most?July What general
trend do you see in the average monthly
temperatures throughout the year? Temps are the
lowest in the winter, rise through the spring,
are highest in summer, decline through the fall
early winter.
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Microclimate- climate within a small area that
differs significantly from the climate of the
surrounding area. Book Examples page 98
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Which biomes are found in the US, not including
Alaska or Hawaii? Temperate forest, temperate
grassland, temperate woodland shrubland,
desert, NW coniferous forest. Which biomes are
found in Alaska? Tundra, boreal forest, NW
coniferous forest Which biome do you predict is
found in Hawaii? Why?Tropical Rain Forest- the
location is near equator and surrounded by water.
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MAJOR LAND BIOMES -Tropical Rain
Forest -Tropical Dry Forest -Tropical
Savanna -Desert -Temperate Grassland -Temperate
Woodland Shrubland -Temperate Forest -NW
Coniferous Forest -Boreal Forest -Tundra
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LAND BIOMES
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TUNDRA(Land Biome) subsoil permanently frozen
rolling plane with lakes, ponds, and bogs weather
- frequent freezes with brief cool summers
vegetation - few trees, mosses, lichens, grasses,
perennial herbs, colored flowers animals - number
of species small, including flies, birds,
reindeer, wolves, foxes, hares, polar bears
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  Taiga
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Deciduous Forests temperate climate lots of
rainfall dominated by deciduous (broadleaf) trees
squirrel, deer, fox, and bears large variety of
insects and birds
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Tropical Rain Forests warm temperatures abundant
rainfall widest diversity of species of plants
and animals dominant trees are tall
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Grasslands found in temperate and tropical
climates low uneven and seasonal annual rainfall
(10-30 cm) grasses and scrub forests herbivores
and rodents
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Deserts rainfall less than 25 cm per year
extreme temperature fluctuations (40oC or more)
drought-resistant shrubs, cactus, herbs
rodents, reptiles, birds, insects
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Using your book, List each major land biome and
the characteristics that go with each
biomeplease include climate, dominant
communities, special characteristics!
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Remember that biomes are determined by climate
and the characteristic plants animals found in
that area!
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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic ecosystems are
determined primarily by the depth, flow,
temperature, chemistry of the overlying
water.all of which are abiotic factors!
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Only 3 of the surface water on Earth is fresh
water. Freshwater ecosystems are divided into 2
main types Flowing-water Ecosystems Standing-wate
r Ecosystems
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The chemistry of aquatic ecosystems is determined
by the amount of salts, nutrients, oxygen
dissolved in the water.
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FLOWING WATER ECOSYSTEMS- Rivers, Streams,
Creeks, Brooks They originate in mountains and
flow over the land. As they flow down- the
current slows (sediments build up)
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STANDING WATER ECOSYSTEMS- Lakes, Ponds Standing
water does circulate heat, oxygen,
nutrients. Standing water provides a habitat for
organisms that would otherwise be washed
away.plankton.
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PLANKTON- a general term for tiny free floating
or weakly swimming organisms that live in both
salt and fresh water. 2 TYPES OF
PLANKTON 1-ZOOPLANKTON-tiny animals that form
part of planktonthey feed on phytoplankton.
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Zooplankton
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2. PHYTOPLANKTON- a population of small
photosynthetic organisms ( some types of algae)
found near the surface of the ocean (or other
bodies of water). Phytoplankton form the base of
many aquatic food webs.
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Phytoplankton
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• Zooplankton
• Phytoplankton

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FRESHWATER WETLANDS WETLAND- an ecosystem in
which water either covers the soil or is present
at or near the surface of the soil for at least
part of the year.
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Wetlands can be flowing or standing.fresh,
salty, or brackish. Brackish- a mixture of fresh
salt water. 3 Types of Freshwater
Wetlands Bogs, Marshes, Swamps
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Many wetlands are very productive ecosystems.
They serve as breeding grounds for insects,
fishes other aquatic animals, amphibians,
migratory birds
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ESTUARIES-Wetlands formed where rivers meet the
sea. Many are shallow allow sunlight to
penetrate all the way to the bottom of the
water. This causes a large of producers to
survive in estuaries.
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Most of the primary production in an estuary is
not consumed by herbivoresthis food source
enters the food web as detritus.
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MARINE ECOSYSTEMS See figure 4-17 page
109 Sunlight penetrates only a short distance
through the surface of the water. Photosynthesis
is limited to this well-lit upper layer known as
the PHOTIC ZONE.
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Below the photic zone is the APHOTIC ZONE which
is always dark. Chemosynthetic autotrophs are the
only producers that can survive in this
zone. Marine ecosystems are separated into 2 main
regions based on the light penetration.
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Marine ecosystems are also classified according
to the depth and distance from the shore. This
gives us the intertidal zone, the coastal ocean,
the open oceaneach zone supports a distinct
ecological community.
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INTERTIDAL ZONE Organisms that live in this zone
must be able to live for short periods of time
with limited amounts of waterthey are greatly
affected by high and low tides. Read section page
110
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COASTAL OCEAN This zone extends from the low
tide mark to the outer edge of the continental
shelf Read section page 110
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CORAL REEFS- page 112
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Open Ocean pg 112
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Open Ocean
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Benthic Zone
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