Title: Introduction to Military Law Command and Control Law of Armed Conflict
1Introduction to Military LawCommand and
ControlLaw of Armed Conflict
- Week Three
- 30 Jan 08
- Lt Col Jennifer Rider
2COMMAND AND CONTROL
3Overview
- The basics definitions
- Organizations within
- the military chain of
- command
- Command relationships
- Command authority
4What does Command mean?
The authority that a commander in the Armed
Forces lawfully exercises over subordinates by
virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes
the authority and responsibility for effectively
using available resources and for planning the
employment of, organizing, directing,
coordinating, and controlling military forces for
the accomplishment of assigned missions. It
also includes responsibility for health, welfare,
morale, and discipline of assigned
personnel. DOD Dictionary Joint Pub 1-02
5What does Command and Control mean?
The exercise of authority and direction by a
properly designated commander over assigned and
attached forces in the accomplishment of the
mission. Also called C2. DOD Dictionary
Joint Pub 1-02
7 October 2004
6What does Chain of Command mean?
The succession of commanding officers from a
superior to a subordinate through which command
is exercised.
DOD Dictionary Joint Pub 1-02
7 October 2004
Link for DOD Dictionary http//www.dtic.mil/doct
rine/jel/doddict/index.html
7What does JOINT mean?
Connotes activities, operations, organizations,
etc., in which elements of two or more Military
Departments participate DOD Dictionary Joint
Pub 1-02
Modern warfare demands we (the military) fight as
a integrated teamAmerican military operations
are conducted under JOINT force commandersin
other words
WE FIGHT
8Overview
- The basics definitions
- Organizations within the military chain of
command - Command relationships
- Command authority
9The BIG Picture
10How is command and control exercised?
- By the President and SECDEF through two distinct
branches - Operational Direction of forces assigned to
combatant commands - Administrative Other than operational direction
- Operational branch
- President through SECDEF to the combatant
commanders (and subordinates if authority is
delegated) - Administrative branch
- President through SECDEF to Service secretary to
CSAF to MAJCOM/NAF/WING
11The President
- The President holds the constitutional authority
to direct the Armed Forces - The President shall be Commander in Chief of the
Army and Navy of the United States, and of the
Militia of the several States, when called into
the actual Service of the United States. - U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2
12The Secretary of Defense
- The Secretary of Defense is the Principal
National Security Advisor to the President - Subject to the direction of the President
- has authority, direction, and control over the
DoD. 10 U.S.C. 113
13The Role of Congress
- U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8
- To declare War
- To raise and support Armies
- To provide and maintain a Navy
- To make Rules for the Government and Regulation
of the land and naval Forces the Uniform Code of
Military Justice and - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing
Powers. including fiscal matters
14The Role of Congress
- U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8
- To declare War
- To raise and support Armies
- To provide and maintain a Navy
- To make Rules for the Government and Regulation
of the land and naval Forces the Uniform Code of
Military Justice and - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing
Powers. including fiscal matters
15The National Security Council
- Chaired by the President
- Presidents principal forum for considering
national security and foreign policy matters - Function Council advises and assists the
President on national security and foreign policy
16The National Security Council
- Chaired by the President
- Presidents principal forum for considering
national security and foreign policy matters - Function Council advises and assists the
President on national security and foreign policy
17The BIG Picture
18The Armed Services
- 3 Military Departments Air Force, Army, Navy (
Marines), sometimes USCG - Service Secretaries are responsible for
- Recruiting
- Organizing
- Supplying
- Equipping
- Training
- Services DO NOT fight wars!!
19The Air Force
- Major Commands
- ACC, AMC, AETC, AFMC, AFSOC, USAFE, PACAF
- Numbered Air Forces
- 1st AF, 9th AF, 12th AF, etc.
- Wings
- Groups
- Squadrons
20The BIG Picture
21The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
- Not a Commander
- The Principal Military Advisor to the President
and SECDEF - Presides over JCS
- Assists communication between the
President/SECDEF and the Combatant Commanders - Coordinates with Combatant Commands
- Roles and missions
- Programs and budgets
- Doctrine and joint training
22The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
- Not a Commander
- The Principal Military Advisor to the President
and SECDEF - Presides over JCS
- Assists communication between the
President/SECDEF and the Combatant Commanders - Coordinates with Combatant Commands
- Roles and missions
- Programs and budgets
- Doctrine and joint training
23Goldwater-Nichols
- The Goldwater-Nichols DoD Reorganization Act of
1986 - Biggest change to DoD since NSA of 1947
- CJCS made principal military adviser
- CJCS manages Joint Staff
- Assigned all forces to Combatant Commanders
except those performing service-only functions
24The BIG Picture
25Combatant Commands
- Broad continuing mission
- Single commander designated by President through
SECDEF - Receives advice and assistance of CJCS
- Typically have geographic or functional
responsibilities - Authority derived from
- 10 USC 164
- Unified Command Plan (UCP)
26Combatant Commands
- Geographic-- mission is defined by a general
geographic area of responsibility - Functional--mission is worldwide performance of
a warfighting function
27Geographic Combatant Commands
- US EUROPEAN COMMAND
- USEUCOM
- US PACIFIC COMMAND
- USPACOM
- US SOUTHERN COMMAND
- USSOUTHCOM
- US NORTHERN COMMAND
- USNORTHCOM
- US CENTRAL COMMAND
- USCENTCOM
28(No Transcript)
29Functional Combatant Commands
- US TRANSPORTATION COMMAND
- USTRANSCOM
- US STRATEGIC COMMAND
- USSTRATCOM
- US JOINT FORCES COMMAND
- USJFCOM
- US SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND
- USSOCOM
30The BIG Picture
31Service Component Commands
- Includes all Service forces assigned to a
combatant command - Commanded by Services senior officer assigned to
forces - e.g., for the AF it is the COMAFFOR Commander,
Air Force Forces
Lt Gen Buchanan
32Service Component Commands
- Responsibilities based on Services support
function (organize, train, equip) - Advise on proper employment of forces
- Conduct joint training
- Responsible for Service specific logistics
- Conduct operational missions if assigned by
combatant commander / JTF commander - OPCON / TACON delegated by combatant commander or
JTF commander - ADCON of Service forces through the Service chain
of command
33The BIG Picture
34Functional Component Commands
- Established by Joint Force Commander (JFC)
(combatant commander) or JTF commander - Forces, responsibilities, and authorities
assigned /delegated to the functional component
commander - Performs operational missions
- Joint Forces Air Component Command
- Joint Forces Land Component Command
- Joint Forces Maritime Component Command
- Includes forces from more than one service
- Authorities delegated OPCON and/or TACON
35The BIG Picture
36The Joint Task Force (JTF)
- A JTF is a joint force typically designated by
SECDEF or a Combatant Commander. - It may be established on either a geographical
area or on a functional basis. - JTF-Southwest Asia
- JTF-Computer Network Operations
- Usually for a limited duration accomplishment
of mission/purpose - The commander of a JTF will normally be delegated
OPCON by the combatant commander - May have subordinate functional components or
service components
37Overview
- The basics definitions
- Organizations within the military chain of
command - Command relationships
- Command authority
38 Command Relationships Other Authority
- Combatant Command (COCOM)
- Operational Control (OPCON)
- Tactical Control (TACON)
- Support
- Other Authority - Administrative Control (ADCON)
39Combatant Command (COCOM)
- Vested only in commanders of Combatant Commands
- Non-delegable/non-transferable
- Authoritative direction to subordinate commands
forces necessary to carry out missions assigned
to the command including - Military operations
- Joint training, and
- Logistics
- COCOM includes all authorities discussed in
OPCON, TACON and Support
40Operational Control (OPCON)
- Authoritative direction over subordinate forces
involving all aspects of military operations
necessary to accomplish assigned missions - Organizing
- Employing
- Assigning tasks
- Designating objectives
- Prescribe chain of command to subordinate
commands and forces - Exercised at levels at or below Combatant Command
- Inherent in COCOM
- Delegable
41Tactical Control(TACON)
- Command authority over assigned or attached
forces made temporarily available to control and
direct - Movements or maneuvers to accomplish assigned
missions or tasks - Does not provide organizational authority
- Typically exercised by functional component
commanders - Exercised levels at or below Combatant Command
- Inherent in COCOM and OPCON
- Delegable
42Support
- Established by a superior commander between
subordinate commanders - One organization to aid, protect, complement, or
sustain another organization - Exercised at levels at or below Combatant Command
- Inherent in COCOM
- Establishing directive specifies
- Purpose of relationship
- Effect desired
- Scope of support relationship (general, mutual,
direct or close) - Degree of authority of supported commander over
supporting commander
43Administrative Control(ADCON)
- Authority over subordinate organizations for
- Administration
- Support
- Synonymous with Title 10 organize, train and
equip Service responsibilities - May be delegated
- Included in ADCON
- Discipline
- Organization of service forces
44Administrative Control(ADCON)
- Includes (contd) such matters as
- Control of resources equipment
- Personnel management
- Individual and unit training
- And all other matters not included in the
operational missions - Key area for deployed legal personnel
- Issues associated with Reserve/ANG forces
45Overview
- The basics definitions
- Organizations within the military chain of
command - Command relationships
- Command authority
46Command Authority The Commander
- Only one person in a command billet per
organization - Statutory obligations (e.g., Court-Martial
Convening Authority or Article 15 Authority) -
Lt Gen John F. Regni Commander, Air University
47Who Can Be A Commander?
- AFI 51-604 sets out the rules
- Two ways to be a commander
- Assumption - most senior
- Senior is presumed most qualified
- Promotions premised on ability to assume duties
of the next higher grade - DUTY to command
- Appointment - viewed as most qualified
- Equal or Senior in grade
- Not necessarily senior in rank
48Requirements for Command
- To command an organization, an officer must be
- Assigned to the organization
- Present for duty (can be absent for short
periods for TDYs and leave) - Otherwise eligible and authorized to command the
organization
49Special Rules
- Flying units
- Think wings
- Aeronautical rating
- Civilians
- Enlisted
- JAGs AFLSA/CC
- Chaplains
- Medical personnel
50LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
51Use of Force
- UN Charter
- Member nations must resolve conflicts peacefully
refrain from threat or use of force - What justifies a use of force?
- Actions authorized by UN Council under Chapt VII
of UN Charter - Art 39 Security Council determines the
existence of a threat to the peace - Art 41 Employ measures short of force
- Art 42 Can authorize use of force
- Legitimate act of individual or collective self
defense under Art 51 - Anticipatory self defense under customary
concepts negotiated away? - Pre-emptive strike? US Policy advocates use
risks are too great - Collective Self Defense (eg., NATO) does not
provide international legal basis for use of
force abroad, per se must be a separate legal
basis
52LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
- THAT PART OF INTERNATIONAL LAW THAT REGULATES
THE CONDUCT OF ARMED HOSTILITIES. ALSO CALLED
THE LAW OF WAR. - JOINT PUBLICATION 1-02 (2004)
53CUSTOMARY AND TREATY LAW
- Customary international law is binding upon all
nations - Treaty or conventional international law is only
binding upon those nations that have ratified a
treaty (unless the treaty provisions become
customary law)
54HAGUE AND GENEVA LAW
- HAGUE CONVENTIONS (1899 1907)
- APPLICATION OF ARMED FORCE
- USE AND LEGALITY OF WEAPONS
- GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 1949
- PROTECTION OF COMBATANTS AND NON-COMBATANTS
- MINIMIZE UNNECESSARY SUFFERING
- PROMOTE RESPECT FOR THE INDIVIDUAL
55(No Transcript)
56ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS OF 1977
- PROTOCOL I
- International conflicts
- Attempt to expand GCs of 1949 and integrate
Geneva and Hague laws - PROTOCOL II
- Non-international conflicts
- (e.g., civil wars, insurrections)
57GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 1949
- Wounded and Sick in the Armies in the Field (G. I
or GWS) - Wounded, Sick, Shipwrecked at Sea (G. II or
GWS Sea) - Prisoners of War (G. III or GPW)
- Civilians (G. IV or GC)
58LOAC PURPOSES
- DIMINISH THE EFFECTS OF CONFLICTS
- PROTECT PERSONS FROM UNNECESSARY SUFFERING.
- SAFEGUARD THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF CIVILIANS,
PRISONERS OF WAR, AND WOUNDED AND SICK. - PREVENT CONFLICTS FROM DEGENERATING INTO
SAVAGERY AND BRUTALITY. - MAKE IT EASIER TO RESTORE PEACE ONCE THE CONFLICT
IS OVER.
59APPLICATION OF GENEVA CONVENTIONS
- Geneva Conventions apply even if war has not been
declared - However, Geneva Conventions apply only to
conflicts between two or more parties to the
Conventions - (i.e., international conflicts)
- Only 1 country (Nauru) has not ratified the
Geneva Conventions
60PARTICIPANTS IN ARMED CONFLICT
- COMBATANTS - THOSE AUTHORIZED TO PARTICIPATE IN
HOSTILITIES - NON-COMBATANTS - THOSE NOT AUTHORIZED TO
PARTICIPATE AND WHO DO NOT - UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS - THOSE NOT AUTHORIZED TO
PARTICIPATE BUT DO SO ANYWAY
61LAWFUL COMBATANTS
- MEMBERS OF THE REGULAR ARMED FORCES
- MEMBERS OF IRREGULAR FORCES
- MILITIA OR VOLUNTEER CORPS FORMING PART OF THE
ARMED FORCES - OTHER MILITIA OR VOLUNTEERS IF THEY MEET THE
REQUIREMENTS OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS
62LAWFUL COMBATANT STATUS FOR IRREGULARS
- ARTICLE 4, GENEVA PRISONER OF WAR CONVENTION
- COMMANDED BY A PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR
SUBORDINATES - HAVE A FIXED DISTINCTIVE SIGN RECOGNIZABLE AT A
DISTANCE - CARRY ARMS OPENLY
- CONDUCT OPERATIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS
AND CUSTOMS OF WAR
63UNIFORMS
- FIXED DISTINCTIVE SIGN RECOGNIZABLE AT A
DISTANCE (GPW ARTICLE 4A2(b)) - UNIFORM FOR REGULAR FORCES NOT OTHERWISE
ESTABLISHED - KEY IS DISTINCTION FROM THE CIVILIAN
POPULATION - CLEAN FLIGHT SUIT IS A UNIFORM
64NON-COMBATANTS
- CIVILIANS (INCLUDING MILITARY DEPENDENTS)
- PROTECTED PERSONNEL (MEDICAL AND CHAPLAINS)
- PRISONERS OF WAR
- WOUNDED, SICK, SHIPWRECKED, AND AIRCREWS
ESCAPING DOWNED AIRCRAFT
65UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS
- EXAMPLES
- CIVILIANS TAKING PART IN HOSTILITIES EXCEPT AS
PART OF A LEVEE EN MASSE - PROTECTED PERSONNEL FIGHTING OTHER THAN IN
SELF-DEFENSE
66LOAC LEGAL PRINCIPLES
- MILITARY NECESSITY
- DISTINCTION
- PROPORTIONALITY
- HUMANITY
- CHIVALRY
67MILITARY NECESSITY
- Permits the application of only that degree of
regulated force, not otherwise prohibited by the
laws of war, required for the partial or complete
submission of the enemy with the least
expenditure of life, time and physical resources.
68MILITARY OBJECTIVES
- Attacks shall be limited to military objectives.
In so far as civilian objects are concerned,
military objectives are limited to those objects
which by their nature, location, purpose, or use
make an effective contribution to military action
and whose total or partial destruction, capture,
or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at
the time, offers a definite military advantage.
(emphasis added) - Art. 52(2), Additional Protocol I of 1977 (AP I)
69PROTECTED PLACES RELIGIOUS, MEDICAL
70LAWFUL TARGETS
71LAWFUL TARGETS
72LAWFUL TARGETS
73LAWFUL TARGETS
74LAWFUL TARGETS
75LAWFUL TARGETS
76LAWFUL TARGETS?
77LAWFUL TARGETS
78LAWFUL TARGETS
79DISTINCTION
- Attacker has a duty to distinguish between
military objectives and civilian objects - Attacker cannot intentionally attack civilians or
employ weapons or tactics that cause excessive
civilian casualties - Defender has a duty to separate civilians and
civilian objects from military targets
80PROTECTED PLACES CIVILIAN OBJECTS
Civilian Housing
81PROTECTED PLACES CULTURAL PROPERTY
82PROTECTED PLACESENVIRONMENT
83PROTECTED PEOPLE
84HOT TOPICDUAL USE TARGETS
Bridges
85HOT TOPICDUAL USE TARGETS
Bridges
86HOT TOPICDUAL USE TARGETS
Fertilizer Plant
87HOT TOPICDUAL USE TARGETS
Power Grids
88HOT TOPICDUAL USE TARGETS
Radio TV Stations
89LOAC - TARGETS
- Protected Places Property
- Medical Symbols
90LOAC - TARGETS
- Protected Places Property
- Civilian Hospital and Safety Zone for Sick and
Wounded
91LOAC - TARGETS
- Protected Places Property
- Cultural Property
1954 Hague
1907 Hague
1935 Roerich Pact
92LOAC - TARGETS
- Protected Places Property
- International Sign for Works and
- Installations Containing Dangerous Forces
- Dams, Dikes, and Nuclear Power Stations
93PROTECTED PROPERTY, BUT. . .
94PROPORTIONALITY
- Article 57(2)(a), Additional Protocol I
- Those who plan or decide upon an attack shall
- (ii) take all feasible precautions in the choice
of means and methods of attack with a view to
avoiding, and in any event to minimizing,
incidental loss of civilian life, injury to
civilians and damage to civilian objects.
95PROPORTIONALITY
- Article 57(2)(a), Additional Protocol I
- Those who plan or decide upon an attack shall
- (iii) refrain from deciding to launch any attack
which may be expected to cause incidental loss of
civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to
civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which
would be excessive in relation to the concrete
and direct military advantage anticipated.
96(No Transcript)
97HUMANITY (Prevent Unnecessary Suffering)
- Prohibits the employment of any kind or degree
of force not necessary for the purposes of war,
that is, for the partial or complete submission
of the enemy with the least possible expenditure
of life, time, and physical resources (also
referred to as the principle of unnecessary
suffering).
98HAGUE REGULATIONS (1907)
- The right of belligerents to adopt ways of
injuring the enemy is not unlimited.
Art. 22 - Especially forbidden to (among other actions)
- use poison or poisoned weapons
- kill or wound treacherously
- kill or wound an enemy who has surrendered
- declare that no quarter will be given
- make improper use of flag of truce, enemy
national flag or military insignia and uniform,
or distinctive Geneva Convention badges or - employ arms, projectiles or material calculated
to cause unnecessary suffering
Art. 23
99LAWFUL WEAPONS - EXAMPLES
- Incendiary weapons ()
- Landmines ()
- Fragmentation weapons and cluster bombs
- Nuclear weapons ()
- Shotguns
- Bean bag ammunition
- High-explosive Incendiary (HEI) cartridges
- .50 caliber machine guns against personnel
- 23 mm cannon against personnel
- () Indicates treaties that some nations have
ratified - Legal Review of ALL weapons used by US
100LOAC - WEAPONS
- Three Ways A Weapon May Be Illegal
- Question
- Is the suffering caused by the use of the weapon
needless, superfluous, or grossly
disproportionate to the advantage from its use? - Per se
- Weapon designed to cause needless suffering
- Lance w/ barbed head glass bullets
- By Improper Use
- By Agreement or Treaty
- Chem/Bio Weapons Certain Land Mines
101UNLAWFUL WEAPONS
- Poisons
- Bullets which expand or flatten easily in the
human body (dum-dum bullets) - Projectiles that injure by fragments which in the
human body escape detection by X-rays - Indiscriminate Weapons
- Biological and Bacteriological
- Incapable of Being Controlled
- Chemical
102CHIVALRY
- The waging of war in accordance with
well-recognized formalities and courtesies - Permits lawful ruses intended to lawfully mislead
the enemy - Prohibits perfidy - treacherous acts intended to
take unlawful advantage of the enemy
103LOAC CHIVALRY/TACTICS
- Especially Forbidden
- Cannot kill or injure enemy personnel who
surrender - Cannot treacherously kill or injure enemy
- Cannot force enemy nationals to take part in
hostilities against their own country
104PROHIBITED RUSES
- Use of enemy, peacekeeping, or neutral uniforms,
flags, or insignia in combat operations - Misuse of protected symbols
- Misuse of flags of truce
- Pretending to be wounded or disabled to gain an
advantage, then resuming combat
105LOAC - TACTICS
- Deception
- Legitimate Deception
- Existence of Units
- Size
- Strength
106(No Transcript)
107LOAC - TACTICS
- Treachery and Perfidy
- Cannot Injury Enemy b/c Enemy follows LOAC
- Fake surrender
- Fake noncombatant status
- Misuse of Red Cross/Red Crescent or protected
property symbols
108LOAC - TACTICS
- Espionage
- Not a LOAC violation
- No POW status if caught
- Domestic criminal laws apply
109LOAC POWs Detainees
- Surrender
- Burden in the surrendering person or force to
communicate the intent to surrender - Treatment
- Protect from harm physical and mental
- Entitled to EQUAL Medical Treatment
- Provide food, water, tobacco, clothing shelter
- Cannot take personal property
- Must allow them to keep rank and ID Cards
- PURPOSE Take them out of the fight
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POW AND DETAINEE?
110METHODS OF ENFORCEMENT
- DOMESTIC LAW (e.g., UCMJ)
- INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNALS
- UNITED NATIONS TRIBUNALS
- INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
- THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
- REPRISAL
- COURT OF INTERNATIONAL OPINION
111INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY
- TO KNOW THE LAW
- TOC COMPLY WITH THE LAW
- TO REFRAIN FROM VIOLATIONS
- TO REPORT VIOLATIONS
- CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATIONS
- TRIAL BY ANY STATE PARTY TO THE G.C.s
- TRIAL BY A U.N. TRIBUNAL
- TRIAL BY THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
- TRIAL BY A DOMESTIC SYSTEM (e.g., UCMJ)
112U.S. DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTATION
- WAR CRIMES ACT OF 1996
- UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE
- CODE OF CONDUCT (NOT A PUNITIVE DIRECTIVE, BUT A
GUIDE TO PROPER CONDUCT)
113SUPERIOR ORDERS DEFENSE
- NUREMBERG TRIALS
- CALLEY STANDARD
- U.N. TRIBUNALS - NOT A DEFENSE BUT MAY BE A
MITIGATION - WHETHER MORAL CHOICE WAS IN FACT POSSIBLE
114LOAC WAR CRIMES
Jodl, Alfred I don't see how they can fail to
recognize a soldier's obligation to obey orders.
That's the code I've live by all my life.
- Jodl gave orders for the German army's campaign
against Holland, Belgium, Norway, and Poland. He
also planned attacks against Greece and
Yugoslavia. - "Terror attacks against English centers of
population ...will paralyze the will of the
people to resist. - Hanged in Nuremberg on Oct. 16, 1946
115LOAC WAR CRIMES
The Einsatzgruppen Case Q What could they have
done? After all, the defendants were soldiers and
were required to obey orders A They were not
ordered to charge into the mouths of cannon. They
were called upon to shoot unarmed civilians
standing over their graves.
- Twenty-four defendants (six-SS-Generals, five
SS-Colonels, six SS-Lieutenant Colonels, four
SS-Majors and three SS-junior officers) charged
with the murder and ill-treatment of two-million
POWs and civilians in occupied countries, and
with wanton destruction not justified by military
necessity. - All twenty-four defendants indicted All were
found guilty of one or more crimes. Fourteen
defendants were sentenced to death, but ten later
had their sentences commuted to life or were
paroled.
116LOAC WAR CRIMES
Dusko Tadic after all I have done to
contribute to the creation of our common country
even when it implied risking my life and my
family safety. Tragedy befell us all and
injustice which I am convinced will once come
out.
- Bosnian Serb was charged with crimes related to
the rape, torture and murder of prisoners in and
around three prison camps in northern Bosnia. - UN Tribunal found Tadic guilty on 11 counts of
persecution and beatings. - 1997 Tadic was sentenced to 20 years in prison.
117LOAC WAR CRIMES
Lt William Calley I felt then--and I still do--
that I acted as directed, I carried out my
orders, and I did not feel wrong in doing so.
- My Lai, Vietnam, 1968
- Court-Martial Lt Calley testified that he was
told there would be no civilians in My Lai, only
the enemy. He said that while he was in the
village, his CO, Capt Medina, called and asked
why he hadn't "wasted" the civilians yet. He
admitted to firing into a ditch full of
Vietnamese, but claimed that others were already
firing into the ditch when he arrived. - Convicted of the premeditated murder of 22
infants, children, women, and old men, and of
assault with intent to murder a child of about 2
years of age. - Dismissal Life Sentence. Pardoned in 1974.
118QUESTIONS?