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PENDAHULUAN

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Title: PENDAHULUAN


1
POKOK BAHASAN
  1. PENDAHULUAN
  2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME
  4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME
  5. GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME
  6. BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME
  7. PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME
  8. INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME
  9. PERANAN MIKROORGANISME

2
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
POKOK BAHASAN
  1. PENDAHULUAN
  2. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA
  3. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI
  4. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI
  5. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM
    TAKSONOMI
  6. PERKIRAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA
  7. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME
  8. BERGEYS MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY
  9. GARIS BESAR FILOGENI DAN KERAGAMAN PROKARIOT
  10. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

3
POKOK BAHASAN
  1. ARCHAEA
  2. BACTERIA
  3. FUNGI
  4. ALGAE
  5. PROTOZOA
  6. VIRUS

4
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PROTOZOA

POKOK BAHASAN
  1. PENDAHULUAN
  2. DISTRIBUSI
  3. NILAI PENTING
  4. MORFOLOGI
  5. NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME
  6. ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT
  7. ORGANEL PERGERAKAN
  8. REPRODUKSI
  9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

5
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENDAHULUAN
  • Protozoa are a polyphyletic group of organisms
  • Protozoa are unicellular, eucaryotic protists
    that are usually motile
  • Protozoology is the study of protozoa
  • Some protozoa are anaerobic (e.g., Trichonympha
    lives in the gut of termites)
  • Most anaerobic protozoa do not have mitochondria
    or CYTOCHROMES, and have an INCOMPLETE TCA CYCLE
  • Some anaerobic protozoa contain HYDROGENOSOMES -
    small membrane-delimited organelles containing a
    unique ELECTRON TRANSFER SYSTEM that uses protons
    as terminal electron acceptors to form molecular
    hydrogen

6
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. DISTSRIBUSI
  • Primarily in moist habitats (because they lack a
    cell wall), including freshwater (ponds, streams,
    lakes) and marine (oceans)
  • Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying
    organic matter
  • Most are free living, free-living, critical
    members of plankton drifting organisms that form
    the basis of aquatic food chains
  • Some are parasitic in plants and animals
  • Very few are pathogens

7
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. NILAI PENTING
  • Serve as an important link in food chains and
    food webs (zooplankton)
  • Food chain-series of organisms, each feeding on
    the preceding one
  • Food web-complex interlocking series of food
    chains
  • Important in the study of biochemistry and
    molecular biology because they use the same
    metabolic pathways as multicellular eucaryotes
  • Causative agents of some important diseases in
    humans and other animals

8
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. MORFOLOGI
  • Protozoa have some unique features
  • ECTOPLASM is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside
    the plasma membrane it provides some rigidity
    and shape
  • PELLICLE consists of the plasma membrane and the
    structures immediately beneath it
  • ENDOPLASM is the more fluid cytoplasm in the
    interior of the cell
  • Some have one nucleus, some have two or more
    identical nuclei, and some have two distinct
    types of nuclei
  • The MACRONUCLEUS is associated with trophic
    activities and regenerative processes
  • The MICRONUCLEUS controls reproductive activities
    by sequestering genetic material for exchange
    during reproduction
  • VACUOLES are usually present
  • CONTRACTILE VACUOLES are osmoregulatory
  • PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES are sites of food digestion
  • SECRETORY VACUOLES usually contain enzymes for
    specific functions, such as excystation

9
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. NUTRISI
  • In holozoic nutrition, nutrients are acquired by
    PHAGOCYTOSIS some ciliates have a specialized
    structure, called a CYTOSOME, for phagocytosis
  • In SAPROZOIC NUTRITION, nutrients are acquired by
    PINOCYTOSIS, DIFFUSION, or CARRIER-MEDIATED
    TRANSPORT (facilitated diffusion or active
    transport)

10
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT
  • ENCYSTATION is the development of a resting stage
    structure called a cyst
  • The cyst is a dormant form that has a wall and
    greatly reduced metabolic activity
  • Functions of cysts
  • Protect against adverse changes in the
    environment
  • Function as sites for nuclear reorganization and
    cell division
  • Serve as a means of transfer from one host to
    another for parasitic species
  • EXCYSTATION is the escape of vegetative forms,
    called trophozoites, from the cyst it is usually
    triggered by a return to a favorable environment
    (e.g., such as entry into a new host for
    parasitic species)

11
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. ORGANEL PERGERAKAN
  • A few protozoa are nonmotile
  • Most use one of three major types of locomotory
    organelles
  • Pseudopodia-cytoplasmic extensions
  • CILIA-filamentous extensions (short)
  • FLAGELLA-filamentous extensions (long)

flagellum.swf
12
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. REPRODUKSI
  • The most common method of ASEXUAL reproduction
    is
  • BINARY FISSION, which involves mitosis followed
    by cytokinesis
  • The most common type of SEXUAL reproduction is
  • conjugation, an exchange of gametic nuclei
    between paired protozoa of complementary mating
    types

13
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
  • The most accepted scheme classifies protozoa as a
    subkingdom of protists, containing SEVEN PHYLA
    classification is based primarily on types of
    nuclei, mode of reproduction, and mechanism of
    locomotion
  • Recently, other schemes have been suggested
  • CAVALIER-SMITH has proposed elevating the
    protozoa to the status of a kingdom with 18 phyla
  • Molecular classification schemes suggest that the
    protozoa do not exist as an evolutionary taxon,
    but rather that the protozoa are polyphyletic

14
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

PHYLUM
  1. SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
  2. LABYRINTHOMORPHA
  3. APICOMPLEXA
  4. MICROSPORA
  5. ACETOSPORA
  6. MYXOZOA
  7. CILIOPHORA

15
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
  • This phylum includes protists with
  • a single type of nucleus and flagella or
    pseudopodia
  • they reproduce asexually and sexually

16
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA (lanjutan)
  • Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA
  • contains both phytoflagellates (chloroplast-bearin
    g flagellates) and zooflagellates
  • ZOOFLAGELLATES have the following
    characteristics
  • Do not have chlorophyll are holozoic or
    saprozoic
  • Asexual reproduction occurs by LONGITUDINAL
    BINARY FISSION sexual reproduction is known for
    a few species, and ENCYSTMENT is common
  • One group, the kinetoplastids, has mitochondrial
    DNA in a special region called the KINETOPLAST
  • Some are free living some are ENDOSYMBIOTIC
    (e.g., Trichonympha species in the intestines of
    termites
  • Many are important HUMAN PARASITES (e.g.,
    Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia, and
    Trypanosoma brucei)

17
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA (lanjutan)
  • Subphylum SARCODINA
  • contains amoeboid organisms
  • Found in aquatic and terrestrial habitats, where
    they take up nutrients by PHAGOCYTOSIS and
    PINOCYTOSIS
  • Reproduction is usually by simple ASEXUAL BINARY
    FISSION some form CYSTS
  • Some have a loose-fitting shell called a TEST
    (e.g., foraminiferans and radiolarians, which are
    primarily marine amoebae a few occur in fresh or
    brackish water)
  • Some are ENDOSYMBIONTS and can be either
    commensals or parasites some are free-living,
    disease-causing amoebae

18
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

2) LABYRINTHOMORPHA
  • PROTISTS with
  • spindle-shaped or spherical, nonamoeboid,
    vegetative cells
  • some move by gliding motion on mucous tracks
  • Most members are marine organisms and are either
    SAPROZOIC or PARASITIC on algae

19
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

3) APICOMPLEXA
  • Often called SPOROZOANS because they have a
    spore-forming stage in their life cycle lack
    locomotory organelles, except the male gametes
    and the zygotes (ookinetes)
  • are either intra- or intercellular parasites
    having a characteristic structure called the
    APICAL COMPLEX
  • APICAL COMPLEX - a unique arrangement of fibrils,
    tubules, vacuoles, and other organelles at one
    end of the cell
  • One or two polar rings at the apical end
  • CONOID-spirally arranged fibers adjacent to the
    polar rings
  • SUBPELLICULAR MICROTUBULES radiate from the polar
    rings and probably serve as support elements
  • RHOPTRIES extend to the plasma membrane and
    secrete their contents at the cell surface
    (probably aids in host cell penetration)
  • MICROPORES take in nutrients

20
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

3) APICOMPLEXA (lanjutan)
  • Have complex life cycles involving two different
    hosts (usually mammal and often a mosquito)
  • Life cycle has both asexual and sexual phases and
    is characterized by an alternation of haploid and
    diploid generations
  • At some point in the life cycle, they undergo
    schizogony, a rapid series of mitotic events
    producing a large number of small infective
    organisms through the formation of uninuclear
    buds
  • Sexual reproduction involves the formation of a
    thick-walled oocyst after fertilization meiosis
    within this structure then produces haploid
    infective spores

21
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

3) APICOMPLEXA (lanjutan)
  • This group includes some very important pathogens
  • Plasmodium-malaria
  • Cryptosporidium-cryptosporidiosis
  • Toxoplasma-toxoplasmosis
  • Eimeria-coccidiosis

22
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

4) MICROSPORA
  • Obligately intracellular parasites lacking
    mitochondria and transmitted by a RESISTANT SPORE
  • Several economically important pathogens of
    insects
  • There has been increased interest in their use as
    BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL
  • Recently, five genera have been implicated in
    human diseases in immunosuppressed patients
    (e.g., AIDS patients)

23
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

5) ACETOSPORA
  • PARASITIC PROTISTS
  • Spores that lack polar caps or polar filaments,
    parasitic in mollusks

24
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

6) MYXOZOA
  • parasitic protists with resistant spores having
    one to six coiled polar filaments
  • parasitic on freshwater and marine fish
  • can cause a major economic problem in cultured
    salmon

25
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

7) CILIOPHORA
  • The largest of the seven phyla these organisms
    are distinguished by the use of cilia as
    locomotory organelles
  • Cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals
  • Oblique stroke of cilia causes ciliates to rotate
    as they swim
  • Can move forward or backward
  • Numerous interesting morphological
    characteristics are observed slipper-shaped
    cells, stalked cells, tentacles, and threadlike
    darts called toxicysts

26
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

7) CILIOPHORA
  • Feeding behavior
  • Food is captured by action of cilia around the
    buccal cavity food enters the cytostome and
    passes to phagocytic vacuoles that fuse with
    lysosomes, where digestion occurs
  • After digestion the vacuoles fuse with a special
    region of the pellicle, called the cytoproct,
    which empties the cell's waste material to the
    outside4. Most have two types of nuclei
  • Micronucleus-diploid functions in mitosis and
    meiosis
  • Macronucleus-polyploid for some genes maintains
    routine cellular functions
  • Asexual reproduction is by transverse binary
    fission sexual reproduction usually is by
    conjugation
  • Most are free-living some are harmless
    commensals others are disease-causing parasites

27
sekian ......
28
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
  1. MORFOLOGI

9
8
7
  1. ECTOPLASM
  2. PELLICLE
  3. ENDOPLASM
  4. MACRONUCLEUS
  5. MICRONUCLEUS
  6. CONTRACTILE VACUOLES
  7. PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES
  8. SECRETORY VACUOLES

6
5
1
2
3
CONTRACTILE VACUOLES are osmoregulatory
PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES are sites of food digestion
SECRETORY VACUOLES usually contain enzymes for
specific functions, such as excystation
The MICRONUCLEUS controls reproductive activities
by sequestering genetic material for exchange
during reproduction
ECTOPLASM is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside
the plasma membrane it provides some rigidity
and shape
PELLICLE consists of the plasma membrane and the
structures immediately beneath it
The MACRONUCLEUS is associated with trophic
activities and regenerative processes
ENDOPLASM is the more fluid cytoplasm in the
interior of the cell
4
29
Nuclear Division
30
Nuclear Division
31
Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)
  • Typically occurs simultaneously with telophase of
    mitosis
  • In some algae and fungi, may be postponed or not
    occur at all
  • Results in multinucleated cells called coenocytes

32
Cytokinesis
33
Schizogony
  • Plasmodium, which causes malaria, reproduces
    asexually within red blood cells and liver cells
    by a special type of reproduction called
    schizogony
  • Multiple mitoses form multinucleate schizont
  • Cytokinesis occurs releasing numerous daughter
    cells called merozoites
  • Classic fever and chills associated with release

34
Schizogony
35
Classification Eukaryotic Organisms
  • Trouble classifying
  • For us
  • Protozoa
  • Fungi
  • Algea will skip
  • Others Parasitic Helminths and Vectors

36
Protozoa
  • Diverse group defined by three characteristics
  • Eukaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • Lack a cell wall
  • With exception of apicomplexans, they are also
    motile by means of cilia, flagella, and/or
    pseudopodia
  • Study is protozoology protozoologist

37
Distribution of Protozoa
  • Require moist environments because they lack a
    cell wall
  • Most live worldwide in ponds, streams, lakes, and
    oceans critical members of plankton
    free-living, drifting organisms that form the
    basis of aquatic food chains
  • Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying
    organic matter
  • Very few are pathogens

38
Morphology of Protozoa
  • Characterized by great morphologic diversity
  • Some have two nuclei (Paramecium)
  • Macronucleus (50n) contains many copies of genome
    controls metabolism, growth, and sexual
    reproduction
  • Micronucleus involved in genetic recombination,
    sexual reproduction, and regeneration of
    macronuclei

39
Morphology of Protozoa
40
Morphology of Protozoa
  • Variety in number and kinds of mitochondria
  • Some have contractile vacuoles
  • All produce trophozoites motile feeding stage
    some produce cysts resting stage
  • One trophozoite forms one cyst to allow
    intestinal protozoa to pass from one host to
    another and to survive harsh environments

41
Protozoan Life Cycle
42
Nutrition of Protozoa
  • Most are chemoheterotrophic
  • Obtain nutrients by phagocytizing bacteria,
    decaying organic matter, other protozoa, or the
    tissues of host
  • Few absorb nutrients from surrounding water
  • Dinoflagellates and euglenoids are photoautrophic

43
Reproduction in Protozoa
  • Most reproduce asexually only (binary fission or
    schizogony)
  • Few also have sexual reproduction
  • Some become gametocytes that fuse to form diploid
    zygote
  • Some utilize a process called conjugation

44
Conjugation in Paramecium
45
Ciliates
  • Plasmodium malaria
  • Babesia anemia
  • Toxoplasma - toxoplasmosis

46
Dinoflagellates
  • Pfiesteria neurotoxin, most potent poison when
    handled can cause memory loss, confusion,
    headache, respiratory difficulties, skin rash,
    muscle cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting
    possible estuary-associated syndrome (PEAS)

47
Pfiesteria
48
Amoebae
  • Pseudopodia for movement
  • Naegleria primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
  • Acanthamoeba spp. amoebic encephalitis
  • Entamoeba histolytica amoebic dysentery
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