Is Your Epidermis Showing? The Integumentary System and Its Functions

1
Is Your Epidermis Showing?The Integumentary
System and Its Functions

• Kathleen Walker
• Sue Francek
• Danielle Clement

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The Basics

• The word Integument comes from a Latin word that
  means to cover.
• Bodies largest organ
• Integumentary system includes
• Hair
• Nails
• Variety of glands
• Supports Excretory System in removal of wastes

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The Functions

• Serves as a barrier against infection and injury
     
• Helps to regulate body temperature
• Removes waste products from the body
• Provides protection against UV radiation from the
  sun
• Produces Vitamin D

4
Layers of Skin

• Epidermis
• Top layer
• Translucent
• Barrier
• Melanin is here
• Dermis
• Blood Vessels
• Nerves
• Sweat Glands
• Hair roots
• Much deeper
• Collagen is here
• Hypodermis- a.k.a. Subcutaneous Fat Tissue
• Differs from person to person
• Large Blood vessels and nerves
• Made up of clumps of fat filled cells
• Lies on muscles and bones
• Attaches whole skin structure to body
• Loose so skin can move freely

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Melanin

• Melanin is the human's only protection from the
  natural rays of the sun.
• Darker hue of color skin is, more melanin have
• Works hard when out in sun to protect against
  harm
• Colors fur, feathers, scales
• Possesses unique ability to absorb  various
  energy sources and convert these absorbed
  energies in to re-usable energy
• Music vibration and sound waves, the sun rays,
  sun heat, light rays etc.   

• Pigmentation
• Different types for all humans
• Ranging from Albino( lack of
• color- very white), through fair,
• tan, olive, chocolate, and Black
• Also, hair types, from blondes to brunettes,
  redheads, to black hair.
• Melanin helps to determine pigmentation in both
  hair and skin
• Melanosomes in epidermis contain cells called
  melanocytes which produce melanin. The color
• of skin depends mainly on amount of melanin
• present in the other layers of the epidermis.
• Thickness of epidermis and vascularity of the
• Epidermis also contribute

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Sweat

• The average person has 2.6 million sweat glands
  in their skin!
• All over the entire body
• except for the lips, nipples and external genital
  organs
• Are in the dermis layer
• Sweat gland- long, coiled, hollow tube of cells
• Sweat is produced in coil
• Duct connects the gland to the opening or pore on
  outer surface.
• Nerve cells from the sympathetic nervous system
  connect to the sweat glands
• Eccrine- most numerous types of sweat glands
  that are found all over the body, especially
  palms of the hands, soles of the feet and
  forehead
• Smaller than apocrine
• Active at birth
• Sweat is free of protein and fatty acid
• Apocrine - armpits ( and anal-genital area) End
  in hair follicles, not pores. The two glands
  differ in size, the age that they become active
  and the composition of the sweat that they make.
• Active at puberty
• Modified sweat glands produce ear wax!

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Hair and Nails

• Hair
• Hair follicles tube-like pockets of epidermal
  cells-----? extend into dermis.
• Each hair we see is actually keratin-filled
  columns of dead cells.
• Hair grows from the base of the follicle, or hair
  root.
• Melanin causes hair to have color.
• Sebaceous Glands secrete oil to keep hair
  healthy.
• Our body uses hair for insulation and protection
• Most individual hairs grow for several years and
  then fall out.      

• Nails
• The nail matrix or nail root is an area of
  rapidly dividing cells where nail growth takes
  place, located at the tips of the fingers and
  toes.
• Nails form during cell division, when the cells
  are filled with keratin, causing a hard
  protective covering to form over the tips of the
  fingers/toes
• Pinkish color comes from the tissue underneath
  the nail
• Nails grow at a rate of 0.5 to 1.2 mm per day!

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Conditions

• Acne
• Eczema
• Burns
• Fungus
• Hair Loss
• Warts
• Scabies
• Wrinkles

• Shingles
• Chicken Pox
• Psoriasis
• Rosacea
• Allergic Reactions
• Hives
• Skin Cancer
• Impetigo

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Skin Cancer

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Second most common skin cancer in Caucasians
• May increase rapidly
• firm fleshy growth
• Large bump-may turn into an ulcer
• If not treated, could spread to lymph glands.
• Elderly
• Chronic sun exposure is main cause

• Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Most common skin cancer in Caucasians
• Slow growing
• Ulcer-like
• Pigmented
• Malignant Melanoma
• Less common, but more serious (75 of all S.C.
  deaths)
• Cancer of pigment cells
• Dark spot, mole-like
• Commonly found on fingers toes and face

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Treatment

• Types (most common)
• Removal ASAP through surgery (several kinds)
• Radiation therapy
• Electrochemotherapy
• If cancerous, removed surgically
• Treatment type depends on
• age, overall health, and medical history
• extent of the disease
• tolerance for specific medications, procedures,
  or therapies
• How the disease will progress
• your opinion or preference

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Bibliography

• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skincancer.html
  
• http//www.nsc.gov.sg/cgi-bin/WB_GroupGen.pl?id33
  
• http//www.sirinet.net/jgjohnso/skin.html
• http//www.sirinet.net/jgjohnso/skin.html
• http//www.cancerindex.org/medterm/medtm5.htm
• http//health.howstuffworks.com/sweat.htm

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Study Guide

• The word Integument means ______________.
• Know that the skin is the bodys largest organ.
• Know which three things the Integumentary System
  includes.
• Know that the Integumentary System supports the
  Excretory system in the removal of wastes
• The Integumentary System protects the body
  against injury, infection, as well as UV
  radiation. The skin also regulates body
  temperature, and produces Vitamin D.

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Study Guide

• Layers of Skin- Top is epidermis- barrier,
  translucent
• Mid is dermis
• - blood vessels, hair roots, sweat glands,
  nerves
• Hypodermis
• - attach skin to body, made up of fat cells,
  differs from person to person s
• Melanin-
• Our natural sun protection
• More melanin, darker the skin color
• Colors fur, feathers, scales
• Absorbs energy sources
• Pigmentation
• Differs for all humans
• Albino to Black
• Melanin determines pigmentation

• Sweat
• 2.6 million sweat glands
• Entire body, except lips, nipples, and external
  genitals
• Eccrine- more numerous glands
• Smaller
• Present at birth
• No protein or fatty scids
• Aprocrine- armpits and anal-genitals
• Present at puberty
• Sweat gland- long, coiled, hollow tube of cells
• Sweat is produced in coil
• Duct connects the gland to the opening or pore on
  outer surface.
• Nerve cells from the sympathetic nervous system
  connect to the sweat glands

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Study Guide

• -Hair and Nails
• Where are hair follicles located in the skin?
• What is the base of the hair follicle? What
  happens here?
• What role does melanin play in the development
  of hair?
• What is the purpose of the Sebaceous gland?
• What is another word for Nail root and what
  takes place there?
• Skin Conditions
• List at least 5 skin common skin conditions and
  give a brief explanation of each.
• Skin Cancer
• What are the three most common types of skin
  cancer? Explain briefly.
• Name three types of treatment.
• How do professionals choose the treatment type
  for each patient?

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• EXAM QUESTIONS
• Describe the three layers of the skin and
  briefly explain a few facts about them
• Answer- Epidermis- top layer, barrier
• Dermis- blood vessels, hair roots, sweat glands,
  nerves
• Hypodermis- attach skin to body, made up of fat
  cells, differs from person to person
• Multiple Choice Question
• The skin mainly produces which of the following
  vitamins
• a. Vitamin K
• b. Vitamin D
• c. Vitamin B
• d. Melanin
• e. None of the above
• Answer- B

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• Exam Question
• Label the following pictures as one of the three
  most common skin cancers.