Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology
INTRODUCTION - Study of anatomy and physiology
is an ever developing science. - Greek
and Latin form the basis for the language of
anatomy and physiology. DEFINITIONS
A. ANATOMY the study of the structure
(morphology, form) of body parts.
B. PHYSIOLOGY the study of the function of
body parts. Anatomy dictates function!
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Characteristics of Life

• Movement change in position motion

• Responsiveness reaction to a change

• Growth increase in body size no change in
  shape

• Reproduction production of new organisms and
  new cells

• Respiration obtaining oxygen removing carbon
  dioxide releasing energy from foods

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Levels of Organization
STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION A. The
atom i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or
Oxygen(O) is the least complex level. An atom
is defined as the smallest particle of an
element. Atoms combine with (react with) other
atoms to form... B. molecules i.e. carbon
dioxide (CO2), water (H20). A molecule is
defined as a particle composed of 2 or more
joined atoms. Molecules combine with other
molecules to form... C. macromolecules (i.e.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids).
A macromolecule is defined as a large molecule.
Macromolecules combine with other macromolecules
to form... D. organelles (i.e. cell membrane,
nucleus, ribosomes). An organelle is defined as
a small organ of a cell, which performs a
particular function. Organelles collectively
compose ...
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Levels of Organization
E. cells The cell is defined as the basic unit
of structure and function of living organisms!
Each cell has a set of organelles and performs
a particular function (i.e. a red blood cell has
a biconcave shape and is a nucleate. This
structure increases its surface area, allowing
for the transport of more oxygen0. Some cells
have all of the machinery that they need to
live. Similar cells are arranged
into... F. tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective,
muscle, nervous). A tissue is defined as a
group of similar cells that performs a
specialized function. Two or more tissues
combine to form...
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Levels of Organization
G. organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain). An organ
is defined as a structure consisting of a group
of tissues that performs a specialized
function. Two or more organs combine to
form... H. organ systems (i.e. integumentary,
cardiovascular). An organ system is defined as
a group of organs that act together to carry on
a specialized function. There are 11 organ
systems. The eleven organ systems collectively
form the... I. human organism An organism is
the most complex level of organization and is
defined as an individual living thing. J. The
levels of hierarchy could be further extended to
include populations, communities, ecosystems,
and the biosphere.
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs bones ligaments cartilages Major
Functions provide framework protect soft
tissue provide attachments for muscles produce
blood cells store inorganic salts
Skeletal system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs skin hair nails sweat
glands sebaceous glands Major
Functions protect tissue regulate body
temperature support sensory receptors
Integumentary system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs muscles Major Functions cause
movement maintain posture produce body heat
Muscular system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs brain spinal cord nerves sense
organs Major Functions detect changes receive
and interpret sensory information stimulate
muscles and glands
Nervous system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs pituitary gland thyroid
gland parathyroid glands adrenal
glands pancreas ovaries testes pineal
gland thymus Major Functions control
metabolic activities of body structures
through the release of hormones
Endocrine system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs heart arteries capillaries veins
Major Functions move blood through vessels
and transport substances throughout the body
Cardiovascular system
12
Levels of Organization
Major Organs lymphatic vessels lymph
nodes thymus spleen Major Functions return
tissue fluid to blood carry certain absorbed
food molecules defend the body against infection
Lymphatic system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs mouth tongue teeth salivary
glands pharynx esophagus stomach liver and
gallbladder pancreas small and large
intestines Major Functions receive, breakdown,
and absorb food eliminate unabsorbed material
Digestive system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs nasal cavity pharynx larynx trac
hea bronchi lungs Major Functions intake and
output of air exchange gases between air and
blood
Respiratory system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs kidneys ureters urinary
bladder urethra Major Functions remove waste
from blood maintain water and electrolyte
balance store and transport urine
Urinary system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs scrotum testes epididymides duct
us deferentia seminal vesicles prostate
gland bulbourethral glands urethra penis Major
Functions produce and maintain sperm
cells transfer sperm cells into
female reproductive tract
Male reproductive system
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Levels of Organization
Major Organs ovaries uterine
tubes uterus vagina clitoris vulva Major
Functions produce and maintain eggs
cells receive sperm cells support development
of an embryo function in the birth process
Female reproductive system
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position standing erect, face
forward, upper limbs at sides, palms
forward.
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Directional terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
Relative Position 1. Superior above
Inferior below 2. Anterior front
Posterior back 3. Ventral front Dorsal
back 4. Medial center Lateral
side 5. Ipsilateral same side
Contralateral other side 6. Proximal
closer to trunk Distal farther from
trunk 7. Superficial surface Deep
internal.
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Dissection planes
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Anatomical Terminology
Body Sections (cuts, planes) 1. Sagittal cut
divides the body into right and left portions.
midsagittal (median) equal right and
left portions. 2. Transverse Cut (or
horizontal) divides the body into superior
and inferior portions 3. Coronal Cut (or
frontal) divides the body into anterior and
posterior portions. 4. Cross-section
cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the
object 5. Oblique section cut at an angle
across an object 6. Longitudinal section cut
with the long axis of an object
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Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
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Organization of the Body
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Organization of the Body
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Organization of the Body
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
HUMAN BODY AXIAL PORTION
APPENDICULAR PORTION
head arms neck
legs trunk
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Organization of the Body
Axial Portion DORSAL CAVITY VENTRAL
CAVITY CRANIAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY brain
lungs

mediastinum VERTEBRAL
CANAL thymus spinal cord heart
esophagus trachea Note that the
diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from
abdominopelvic cavities. ABDOMINOPEL
VIC CAVITY ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC
CAVITY stomach
urinarybladder
liver internal reproductive
spleen organs gallbla
dder small intestine large
intestine Note that the kidneys, adrenal
glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the
abdominopelvic cavity. This is referred
to as RETROPERITONEAL.
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Organization of the Body
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Organization of the Body
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Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
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Characteristics of Life Continued

• Digestion breakdown of food substances into
  simpler forms

• Absorption passage of substances through
  membranes and into body fluids

• Circulation movement of substances in body
  fluids

• Assimilation changing of absorbed substances
  into chemically different forms

• Excretion removal of wastes produced by
  metabolic reactions

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Maintenance of Life

• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure

• Water
• - most abundant substance in body
• - required for metabolic processes
• - required for transport of substances
• - regulates body temperature

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Maintenance of Life

• Food
• - provides necessary nutrients
• - supplies energy
• - supplies raw materials

• Oxygen (gas)
• - one-fifth of air
• - used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat
• - form of energy
• - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure
• - application of force on an object
• - atmospheric pressure important for
  breathing
• - hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing

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Maintenance of Life

• Homeostasis
• 1. Definition the tendency of an organism to
  maintain a stable internal environment.
• 2. All life processes and metabolic reactions
  work to maintain homeostasis.
• 3. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms monitors
  aspects of the internal environment and
  corrects as needed. Variations are within
  limits. There are three (3) parts
• a. Receptor senses change in environment
• b. Control Center Regulates set-point of
  variables
• c. Effector organ that acts in response to
  changes
• 4. Example maintenance of body temperature at
  98.6ºF/37ºC.
• 5. There are two (2) types
• 1. Negative feedback mechanisms
• 2. Positive feedback mechanisms

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Maintenance of Life

• Negative feedback summary
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur,
  i.e. the negative
• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples body temperature, blood pressure
  glucose regulation

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Maintenance of Life
Control center (set point)
(Change is compared to the set point.)
Receptors
Effectors (muscles or glands)
Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.)
Response (Change is corrected.)
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Maintenance of Life

• Positive feedback summary
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• Produces more instability in the body
• Produces more chaos in the body
• There are only a few types necessary for our
  survival
• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived
• Controls only infrequent events that do not
  require continuous adjustments
• Considered to be the uncommon loop
• Examples blood clotting and child birth

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Positive feedback in child birth