Title: Motor Vehicle Pollution Control: Lessons Learned Over The Past Thirty Years
1Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Lessons Learned
Over The Past Thirty Years
- Joint Workshop of the MIT Integrated Program on
Urban, Regional and Global Air Pollution and the
International Union of Air Pollution Prevention
and Environmental Protection Association - Michael P. Walsh
2Overview
- Great Progress Has Occurred
- Serious Problems Remain
- Comprehensive Approach Needed
- Major Problems
- High Growth
- Climate Change
- Policy Conclusions From Experiences To Date
3Global Motor Vehicle Emissions Compared To No
Control
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5What pollutants are of concern?
Carbon monoxide (CO)
6Health Impacts of Air Pollution
Premature Deaths
Cancer
Developmental Effects
Hospitalization
Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis
7Increased Risk of Premature Mortality Due To
10?g/m3 PM2.5
JAMA, March 2002
8Dutch Study Links Proximity To Truck Traffic With
Lung FunctionBrunekreef
9The Poor Are The Most Severely Affected
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12ZEV Regulation Restructured in 2003 for More
Flexibility
Near-Zero Conventional Vehicles (Path 1)
10 Mandate
6
gt0 - 2
Battery Electric H2 Fuel Cell (Path 3)
2 - 4
2
Clean Hybrids (Path 2)
13A Healthy Competition Vehicle Production
Scenario (example)
1200000
ZEV
Hybrids
1000000
Near-Zero
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Model Year
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15Dealing With Existing Vehicles
- Ultra low sulfur diesel with a catalyzed diesel
particulate filter offers the following benefits - gt90 - 98 PM reduction
- gt70 - 90 CO reduction
- gt 90 HC reduction
- gt90 air toxics ozone precursor reduction
- 0 5 NOx reduction
16 Durability Reliability
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18Sulfur Effects The New Lead
H2SO4
SO3
SO2
Sulfate make
O2
Sulfate Poisoning
SO4
Sulfur inhibition
Precious Metal
Transition Metal
Zeolite or refractory oxide support
19Summary of Influence of Fuel Sulfur on Gasoline
and Diesel Exhaust Emission Control Devices
- Control Technology
- TWC
- Oxidation Catalyst
- Lean NOx Catalyst
- SCR with Urea
- Catalytic Filters
- NOx Adsorbers
- Hybrid With TWC
- Sulfur Effects
- Sulfur Inhibition
- Sulfur Inhibition, Sulfation
- Sulfur Inhibition, Sulfation
- Sulfur Inhibition, Sulfation
- Sulfur Inhibition, Sulfation
- Extreme Sulfur Inhibition
- Sulfur Inhibition
20Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Is Spreading
21Cost-Effectiveness of Motor Vehicle and Fuel
Regulations
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23Lessons From British Columbia Program
First Eight Years of Program
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26Systems At Work Transmilenio
27Curitiba, Brazil
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29Background Ozone Levels Are Increasing
30Hotter Days Lead to Higher Emissions and More Smog
0.30
0.25
- Los Angeles Ozone Levels (1995-1998)
- 10 warmest years of the last century all occurred
within the last 15 years.
0.20
0.15
Ozone (ppm)
California Ozone Standard
0.10
0.05
0.00
40
60
80
100
120
Temperature (oF)
Source Air Resources Board, 2000
31Diesel Soot A Potent Greenhouse Gas
32Trends in Total and Transport Oil Consumption in
IEA Countries
2000
1800
1600
Total Oil Consumption
1400
Transport Oil Consumption
1200
Mtoe
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
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35International Council On Clean Transportation
36Policy Fundamentals Have Emerged
- Clean Vehicle Strategies Should Consider Both Air
Quality Needs and Energy Needs in Parallel - Clean Vehicle Strategies Should Pursue Inherently
Clean Vehicles Fuels - Clearly Defined Roles For the National,
Provincial Municipal Governments Benefit
Everyone - New Vehicle Standards Should Be Fuel Neutral
37Policy Fundamentals (Contd)
- A Newly Developed Vehicle Industry Should Be
Based On New Technology and Not A Dumping Ground
For Old Technology - It Is Not Necessary To Follow Old Sequence
Leapfrog - Vehicles Fuels Are A Package
- Low Pollution Efficiency Are Compatible Goals
Not Conflicting