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WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT

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WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT & ERGONOMICS CHAPTER 4 4. Special questions Indoor Air Quality Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term referring to the air quality within and around ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT


1
WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT ERGONOMICS
  • CHAPTER 4

2
ERGONOMICS-What is it?
  • Derived from two Greek words
  • Nomoi meaning natural laws
  • Ergon meaning work
  • Hence, ergonomists study human
  • capabilities in relationship to work
  • demands

3
History
  • As early as 18th century doctors noted that
    workers who required to maintain body positions
    for long periods of time developed
    musculoskeletal problems.
  • Within last 20 years research has clearly
    established connections between certain job tasks
    and RSI or MSD.

4
Focus and Objectives of Ergonomics cont
  • The focus is that people (their abilities and
    limitations) and their requirements are
    considered when
  • Objects, systems which people use and operate
    within are being designed and developed
  • Procedures to carry out work are being developed
  • Facilities which involve and affect people are
    being evaluated.

5
Focus and Objectives of Ergonomics
  • The objectives of Ergonomics are
  • Enhance and optimize the effectiveness with which
    work and other human activities are carried out
  • Also to maintain certain desirable human values
    in the process, e.g. health, safety
  • Stimulate work interest and satisfaction.

6
Effects of poor Ergonomics
  • Discomfort
  • Accidents and injuries
  • Fatigue
  • Errors
  • Illness
  • Annoyance
  • Productivity down

7
What two elements are at work?
  • Static work musculoskeletal effort required to
    hold a certain position, even a comfortable one.
  • Example sit work at computers
    keeping head and torso upright requires small
    or great amounts of static work depending on the
    efficiency of the body positions we chose.

8
Elements at work (cont)
  • Force amount of tension our muscles generate
  • Example tilting your head forward or
    backward from a neutral, vertical position
    quadruples the amount of force acting on your
    lower neck vertebrae
  • Increased force is due to increase in muscular
    tension needed to support head in a tilted
    position

9
3 Main Ergonomic Principles
  1. Work activities should permit worker to adopt
    several different healthy and safe postures.
  2. Muscle forces should be done by the largest
    appropriate muscle groups available
  3. Work activities should be performed with joints
    at about mid-point of their ROM (esp.
    head,trunk,UE)

10
FACTS
  • The average person working at a keyboard can
    perform 50,000 to 200,000 keystrokes a day
  • Overexertion, falls RMI are the most common
    cause of workplace injury
  • An average of 125,000 back injuries due to
    improper lifting each year.
  • Muscles overuse results in tiny tears in the
    muscles and scarring these contribute to
    inflammation and muscle stiffness

11
A Bit of Anatomy !!
  • Overuse and small repetitive movements ie
    cumulative trauma disorder (CTD), repetitive
    stress injury (RSI), musculoskeletal disorder
    (MSD) disturb balance of muscles, tendons,
    ligaments and nerves

12
What causes Nerve Compression or Entrapment?
  1. Repeated motions
  2. Tight muscles
  3. Inflammation of surrounding tissues
  4. Misalignment of the nerve

13
What are 4 Common Nerve injuries?
  • Thoracic Outlet Syndrome brachial plexus
    compression due to muscle tightness side of neck
    from poor head position or slumped posture.
  • signs and symptoms (S/Sx)
    numbness/tingling in hand, made worse w/overhead
    activities or cradling phone between ear and
    shoulder

14
Nerve injuries (cont)
  • Radial tunnel syndrome compressed radial nerve _at_
    outside of elbow d/t repetitive wrist finger
    extension or turning of forearm
  • S/Sx Sensations from elbow to base of
    thumb w/ wrist weakness a common sx

15
Nerve injuries (cont)
  • Cubital tunnel syndrome ulnar nerve compression
    inside of the elbow d/t repetitive bending of
    elbow or resting your elbow on a hard surface
  • S/Sx numbness or tingling and
    inside of arm w/ tingling to ring little fingers

16
Nerve injuries (cont)
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome compression of median
    nerve at level of carpal tunnel
  • Where is carpal tunnel? Formed _at_ wrist by
    ligament over the carpal bones in hand
  • S/Sx numbness or tingling in thumb, index, or
    middle finger ½ of ring finger often awakened
    _at_ night by hand falling asleep
  • Sx increased by driving or attempting to hold
    objects dropping objects is a common complaint

17
Tendons and Tendonitis
  • Tendons are connective tissue that attach muscle
    to bone have little stretch or rebound
  • Tendon overuse, static or prolonged
    positioninflammation or tendonitis
  • Tendons of wrist hand very small _at_ high risk
    for injury w/ overuse
  • Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis affects
    finger extensor tendons outside of elbow
  • Golfers elbow or medical epicondylitis affects
    finger flexor tendons inside of elbow

18
What to do ??
PREVENT, PREVENT, PREVENT !!!
  • Warm up stretch before activities that are
    repetitive, static or prolonged
  • Take frequent breaks from ANY sustained posture
    every 20-30 minutes
  • Respect pain- positions or stop painful
    activity
  • Recognize early signs of inflammatory process,
    tx early

19
Maintain Neutral Posture
  • Maintain erect position of back neck w/
    shoulders relaxed
  • Position equipment work directly in front of
    and close to your major tasks
  • Keep upper arms close to the body, elbows 90-100
    degrees
  • Keep feet flat on floor, upper body weight
    resting on sits bones
  • Wrists as neutral as possible safe zone for
    wrist movement is 15 degrees in all directions

20
You talking to me?
  • Avoid bending neck forward for prolonged periods
    of time (remember quadruple the force) use a
    copy holder
  • Avoid static positions for prolonged time
    muscles fatigue---MOVE to circulation!

21
Modify Tasks
  1. Alternate activities frequently rotate heavy
    /or repetitive tasks w/ lighter less repetitive
    ones.
  2. If sx become worse REASSESS task setup look for
    alternative methods
  3. Avoid repetitive or prolonged grip activities
  4. Avoid pinching w/ wrist in flexion or wrist
    deviation (bending to side)
  5. Take frequent breaks to stretch rest hands

22
Body Mechanics
  • Use the largest joints muscles to do the job
  • Use 2 hands to lift rather than one, even with
    light objects and tasks.
  • Avoid lifting w/ the forearm in full pronation
    (palm down) or supination (palm up)
  • Slide or push pull objects instead of lifting
  • Keep reaching to a minimum
  • Carry objects close to body at waist level

23
Correct Incorrect Techniques
24
Good and Bad of TILT
25
Recommended Position FOR Computer user
26
ERGO REMINDERS from Stretchbreak.com
27
Practice Wellness at Work and Home !
Exercise
Relaxation
Nutrition
Spirit
Mind
Body
28
MOVE
STRETCH
BREATHE
29
An ounce of Prevention is worth a pound of cure !
30
Ergonomics in occupational health and safety
  • 1. User

31
2. Machine
32
3. Workplace
33
3. Environment
34
4. Special questions
35
Indoor Air Quality
  • Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term referring to
    the air quality within and around buildings and
    structures, especially as it relates to the
    health and comfort of building occupants

36
Indoor Air Pollution
  • The National Health and Medical Research Council
    (NHMRC- Australia) defines indoor air as air
    within a building occupied for at least one hour
    by people of varying states of health. This can
    include the office, classroom, transport
    facility, shopping centre, hospital and home.
  • Indoor air quality can be defined as the totality
    of attributes of indoor air that affect a
    person's health and well being.

37
Sick building syndrome
  • Condition associated with complaints of
    discomfort including headache nausea dizziness
    dermatitis eye, nose, throat, and respiratory
    irritation coughing difficulty concentrating
    sensitivity to odors muscle pain and fatigue.

38
Sick building syndrome
  • The specific causes of the symptoms are often not
    known but sometimes are attributed to the effects
    of a combination of substances or individual
    susceptibility to low concentrations of
    contaminants.
  • The symptoms are associated with periods of
    occupancy and often disappear after the worker
    leaves the worksite.

39
Cause of SBS
  • Inadequate ventilation 52
  • Contamination from inside building 16  
  • Contamination from outside building 10
  •  Microbial contamination  5
  •  Contamination from building fabric  4
  • Unknown sources 13

40
Thermal Comfort
  • Personal factors (health, psychology, sociology
    situational factors)
  • Air temperature
  • Mean radiant temperature
  • Air movement / velocity (see wind chill factor)
  • Relative humidity (see also perspiration)
  • Insulative clothing
  • Activity levels.

41
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42
Sources of Indoor Pollutants
  • Base on Specific Building
  • Combustion activity
  • Furniture
  • Chemical
  • Building materials
  • Food
  • Water
  • Smoking activity
  • Outdoor air pollution

43
Walkaround Inspection
  • Potential Problem Areas
  • Sample Collection

44
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45
Contaminant Range Screening Method Validation Method
Bioaerosols 0-1,000 cfu/m3 Viable biological sampler
Carbon dioxide 0-2,000 ppm DT, IR Sampling bag, GC/TCD OSHA ID172
Carbon monoxide 2-50 ppm DT, meter Sampling bag, meter
Formaldehyde 0.04-1 ppm DT Coated XAD-2, GC/NPD OSHA-52
Nitric oxide 0-25 ppm DT TEA tube with oxidizer, DPP OSHA ID190
Nitrogen dioxide 0-5 ppm DT TEA-Molecular Sieve Tube, IC OSHA ID 182
Particulates 0-40,000 particles/cc Light scattering meter  
Pesticides (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual) (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual) (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual)
Ozone 0-0.1 ppm DT, Chemiluminescent meter  
Radon 4-200 pCi/L Radon Cartridge, Electrect  
VOC's (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual) (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual) (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual)
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