Power Electronic Systems Power electronics refers to control and conversion of electrical power by power semiconductor devices wherein these devices operate as switches. Advent of silicon-controlled rectifiers, abbreviated as SCRs, led to the development - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Power Electronic Systems Power electronics refers to control and conversion of electrical power by power semiconductor devices wherein these devices operate as switches. Advent of silicon-controlled rectifiers, abbreviated as SCRs, led to the development

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Title: Power Electronic Systems Power electronics refers to control and conversion of electrical power by power semiconductor devices wherein these devices operate as switches. Advent of silicon-controlled rectifiers, abbreviated as SCRs, led to the development


1
Power Electronic SystemsPower electronics refers
to control and conversion of electrical power by
power semiconductor devices wherein these devices
operate as switches. Advent of silicon-controlled
rectifiers, abbreviated as SCRs, led to the
development of a new field of application called
the power electronics. Before SCRs, mercury-arc
rectifiers were used for controlling electrical
power, but such rectifier circuits were part of
industrial electronics and the scope for
applications of mercury-arc rectifiers was
limited. The application spread to many fields
such as drives, power supplies, aviation
electronics, high frequency inverters and power
electronics.
2
  • Power electronics relates to the control and flow
    of electrical energy.
  • Control is done using electronic switches,
    capacitors, magnetics, and control systems.
  • Scope of power electronics milliWatts ?
    gigaWatts
  • Power electronics is a growing field due to the
    improvement in switching technologies and the
    need for more and more efficient switching
    circuits.

3
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4
Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics
5
Applications
  • Heating and lighting control
  • Induction heating
  • Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
  • Fluorescent lamp ballasts Passive Active
  • Electric power transmission
  • Automotive electronics
  • Electronic ignitions
  • Motor drives
  • Battery chargers
  • Alternators
  • Energy storage
  • Electric vehicles
  • Alternative power sources Solar Wind Fuel
    Cells
  • And more!

6
Tasks of Power Electronics
  • Rectification referring to conversion of ac
    voltage to dc voltage
  • DC-to-AC conversion
  • DC-to DC conversion
  • AC-to-AC conversion

7
Example
8
ConvertersElectronic power converter is the term
that is used to refer to a power electronic
circuit that converts voltage and current from
one form to another.
  • Rectifier converting an ac voltage to a dc
    voltage
  • Inverter converting a dc voltage to an ac voltage
  • Chopper or a switch-mode power supply that
    converts a dc voltage to another dc voltage
  • Cycloconverter and cycloinverter converting an ac
    voltage to another ac voltage.

9
RectifiersRectifiers may be classified as
uncontrolled and controlled rectifiers.
Controlled rectifiers can be further divided into
semi-controlled and fully-controlled rectifiers.
Uncontrolled rectifier circuits are built with
diodes, and fully-controlled rectifier circuits
are built with SCRs. Both diodes and SCRs are
used in semi-controlled rectifier circuits.
  • Single-phase semi-controlled bridge rectifier
  • Single-phase fully-controlled bridge rectifier
  • Three-phase three-pulse, star-connected rectifier
  • Double three-phase, three-pulse star-connected
    rectifiers with inter-phase transformer (IPT)
  • Three-phase semi-controlled bridge rectifier
  • Three-phase fully-controlled bridge rectifier
  • Double three-phase fully-controlled bridge
    rectifiers with IPT.

10
DC to AC ConversionThe converter that changes a
DC to AC is called an inverter. Earlier inverters
were built with SCRs. Since the circuitry
required to turn the SCR off tends to be complex,
other power semiconductor devices such as bipolar
junction transistors, power MOSFETs, insulated
gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) and
MOS-controlled thyristors (MCTs) are used
nowadays. Currently only the inverters with a
high power rating, such as 500 kW or higher.
  • Emergency lighting systems
  • AC variable speed drives
  • Uninterrupted power supplies
  • Frequency converters.

11
DC to DC ConversionWhen the SCR came into use, a
dc-to-dc converter circuit was called a chopper.
Nowadays, an SCR is rarely used in a dc-to-dc
converter. Either a power BJT or a power MOSFET
is normally used in such a converter and this
converter is called a switch-mode power supply.
  • Step-down switch-mode power supply
  • Step-up chopper
  • Fly-back converter
  • Resonant converter.

12
AC to AC Converter
  • A cycloconverter or a cycloinverter converts an
    ac voltage, such as the mains supply, to another
    ac voltage. The amplitude and the frequency of
    input voltage to a cycloconverter tend to be
    fixed values, whereas both the amplitude and the
    frequency of output voltage of a cycloconverter
    tend to be variable.
  • Tthe circuit that converts an ac voltage to
    another ac voltage at the same frequency is known
    as an AC-chopper. A typical application of a
    cycloconverter is to use it for controlling the
    speed of an ac traction motor and most of these
    cycloconverters have a high power output, of the
    order a few megawatts and SCRs are used in these
    circuits. In contrast, low cost, low power
    cycloconverters for low power ac motors are also
    in use and many of these circuit tend to use
    TRIACS in place of SCRs.
  • Unlike an SCR which conducts in only one
    direction, a TRIACS is capable of conducting in
    either direction and like an SCR, it is also a
    three terminal device. It may be noted that the
    use of a cycloconverter is not as common as that
    of an inverter and a cycloinverter is rarely
    used.

13
Applications of Power Electronics
  • In a conventional car, power electronics
    applications are a major area of future
    expansion.
  • Look inside the audio system, for example the
    amplifiers in todays car stereos are usually
    capable of delivering 40 W or more. But a 12 V
    supply applied to an 8 Ohm speaker produces 18 W
    output at best.
  • To solve this power supply problem, designers use
    a boost converter (DC to DC Converter) to provide
    higher voltage power to the amplifier circuit.
    This allows car amplifiers to generate the same
    audio output power as home stereos.

14
Automobiles Ignition System
  • Another universal power electronics application
    is the automobiles ignition system.
  • Thousands of volts are required to ignite the
    fuel-air mixture inside a cylinder so that
    internal combustion can occur.
  • Todays cars employ all-electronic ignition
    systems, which have replaced the traditional
    spark plugs with boost converters coupled to
    transformers.

15
Hybrid Cars
  • We are curious about new electric and hybrid
    cars, in which the primary electrical system is
    dominated by power electronics. Electric cars
    offer high performance, zero tailpipe emissions,
    and low costs, but are still limited in range by
    the need for batteries.
  • Hybrid car designs use various strategies to
    combine both an engine and electrical elements to
    gain advantages of each.
  • Inverters and DC-DC converters rated for many
    kilowatts serve as primary energy control blocks.
    See http//www.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car2.htm.

16
Diodes
17
Zener Diodes
18
Silicon Controlled RectifiersThe basic purpose
of the SCR is to function as a switch that can
turn on or off small or large amounts of power.
It performs this function with no moving parts
that wear out and no points that require
replacing. There can be a tremendous power gain
in the SCR in some units a very small triggering
current is able to switch several hundred amperes
without exceeding its rated abilities. The SCR
can often replace much slower and larger
mechanical switches.
19
Motor Controllers
20
AC to DC Conversion Half-Wave Rectifier
21
Full Wave Rectifier
22
Figure 12.1
Classification of Power Electronic Devices The
following is taken from Principles and
Applications of Electrical Engineering by G.
Rizzoni, McGraw Hill
23
Table 12.1
Power Electric Circuits
24
Figure 12.2
AC-DC Converter Circuit and Waveform
25
Figure 12.3
AC-AC Converter Circuit and Waveform
26
Figure 12.4
DC-DC Converter Circuit and Waveform
27
Figure 12.17, 12.18
Rectifier Connected to an Inductive Load
Operation of a Freewheeling Diode
28
Figure 12.20, 12.21
Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier
Waveforms and Conduction Times of Three-Phase
Bridge Rectifier
29
Figure 12.25, 12.26
Controlled Rectifier Circuit
Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier Waveforms
30
Figure 12.34, 12.35
DC Motor
Step-Down Chopper (Buck Converter)
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