Title: Scaffold and Aerial Lift Safety
1Scaffold and Aerial Lift Safety
- Stan Liang, CIH, CSP, CET
- KTA-Tator, Inc.
2Webinar Objectives
- Brief overview of the following
- OSHA Scaffold Standard
- Safe work practices for the use of scaffolds,
aerial lifts, and scissor lifts - Resources for additional information
3Scaffolds/Aerial lifts
- Hazards
- Falls
- Falling objects
- Structural instability
- Electrocution
- Overloading
4Scaffolds29 CFR 1926 Subpart L
- 1926.450 Scope, application, and definitions
- 1926.451 General requirements
- 1926.452 Requirements applicable to specific
types of scaffolds - 1926.453 Aerial lifts
- 1926.454 Training requirements
529 CFR 1926 Subpart L Appendices
- Appendix A Scaffold specifications
- Appendix B Fall protection for scaffold
erectors and dismantlers - Appendix C National consensus standards
- Appendix D Training topics for scaffold
erectors and dismantlers - Appendix E Drawings and illustrations
6Competent Person
- One who is capable of identifying existing and
predictable hazards in the surroundings or
working conditions which are unsanitary,
hazardous or dangerous to employees and has
authorization to take prompt corrective measures
to eliminate them.
7Qualified Person
- One who by possession of a recognized degree,
certificate, or professional standing, or who by
extensive knowledge, training, and experience has
successfully demonstrated his or her ability to
solve or resolve problems related to the subject
matter, work, or the project.
8General Requirements
- Support its own weight and 4 times the maximum
intended load - Suspension rope and connecting hardware support 6
times the maximum intended load
9General Requirements
- Stall load of scaffold hoist not to exceed 3
times the rated load - Designed by a qualified person and loaded
according to design
10General Requirements Scaffold Platform
Construction
- Platforms must be fully decked and planked
- Platform must be at least 18 inches wide
- Planks must be in good condition
11General Requirements Scaffold Platform
Construction
- Each abutted end shall rest on a separate support
surface - Platforms overlap not less than 12 and only over
supports - Platforms that rest on a bearer at an angle other
than a right angle must be laid first
12General Requirements Scaffold Platform
Construction
- The end of the platform must extend at least 6
inches beyond the support or - Restrained by hooks, cleats or other means
13General Requirements Scaffold Platform
Construction
- Platforms 10 feet long or less extend no more
than 12 inches past the support - Platforms more than 10 feet long extend no more
than 18 inches
14General Requirements Scaffold Construction
- Scaffold components manufactured by different
manufacturers shall not be used together unless - Components fit together without force
- Scaffold's structural integrity is maintained by
the user - Competent person determines the resulting
scaffold is structurally sound
15General Requirements Scaffolds Construction
- Components of dissimilar metals can not be
intermixed
16General RequirementsSupported Scaffolds
- Fully planked
- Bear on adequate foundations
- Plumbed and braced
- Unstable objects not used as work platforms
17General Requirements Suspended Scaffolds
- Support devices must support 4 times the imposed
load - Direct connection evaluated by a competent person
18General Requirements Suspended Scaffolds
- Counterweights made of non-flowable material
- Counterweights secured and not removed until
scaffold is disassembled - Tiebacks secured to sound anchorage
- Single tiebacks installed at an angle prohibited
19General RequirementsSuspended Scaffolds
- Minimum lengths for suspension ropes on hoists
- No repaired wire rope
- Ropes inspected by a competent person prior to
each shift
20General RequirementsSuspended Scaffolds
- No gasoline powered equipment or hoist
- Automatic brakes on powered and manual hoists
- Positive crank force required for descent
- Tied to prevent swaying
- Safety devices not used as platforms
21Scaffold Access
- Access must be provided when platforms are more
than 2 feet below or above a point of access - Cross braces can not be used as a point of access
22Scaffold Access
- Hook on attachable ladders
- Specifically designed for the type of scaffold
- Rest platforms at 35 foot intervals when more
than 35 feet high
23Scaffold Use
- Do not overload scaffold
- Platform can not deflect more than 1/60 of the
span when loaded - Inspect scaffolds prior to each shift or after an
event which may have damaged the scaffold - Do not move the scaffold when occupied unless
designed for such use - Shore or lean-to scaffolds can not be used.
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25Scaffold Use
- Scaffolds must be erected, moved, and dismantled
only under the supervision of a competent person - Erecting, moving, or dismantling scaffolding must
be performed by trained employees selected for
such work by the competent person
26Scaffold Use
- Employees are prohibited from working on
scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or slippery
materials - Tag lines or equivalent means must be used to
prevent swinging loads from contacting the
scaffold - Work on scaffolds is prohibited in high winds.
- Debris can not accumulate on platforms.
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29Power Line Clearances
30Power Line Clearances
31Power Line Clearance Alternatives
- Two times the length of the insulator
- Notify utility company in advance and
- De-energize the power lines
- Relocate the lines or
- Install protective covering to prevent accidental
contact
32Fall Protection
- Fall protection is required when employees are
more than 10 feet above a lower level - Fall protection is required for erection or
dismantling of scaffolds, if the competent person
determines it is feasible
33Fall Protection Methods
- Boatswains chair, catenary scaffold personal
fall arrest - Single or two point adjustable suspension
scaffold personal fall arrest and a guardrail - All other scaffolds personal fall arrest or a
guardrail
34Fall Protection
- Each employee on a walkway within a scaffold must
be protected by a guardrail system installed
within 9 1/2 inches of and along each walkway
35Personal Fall ArrestVertical Life Lines
- Can not be used if overhead components are part
of a single point or two point adjustable
scaffold - Attached to an anchorage independent of the
scaffold - Protected from sharp edges and abrasion
36Personal Fall ArrestHorizontal Lifelines
- Can not be attached only to suspension ropes
- Independent anchorages are mandatory on all
suspended scaffolds, except for two-point
suspension scaffolds
37Additional Requirements forPersonal Fall Arrest
- If lanyards or lifelines are connected directly
to a two-point suspension scaffold, the scaffold
must be provided with additional independent
support lines - Vertical lifelines, independent support lines and
suspension ropes shall not be tied to each other
or share common anchorage points
38Fall ProtectionGuardrails
- Guardrails must be installed on all open sides
- Guardrails must be installed prior to use
- Top rail height must be between 38 inches and 45
inches - Where personal fall arrest is also used, top rail
height must be between 36 inches and 45 inches
39Fall ProtectionGuardrails
- Intermediate members must be not more than 19
inches apart - Mid rails, screens, or mesh must be used
- Screens or mesh, if used, must extend along the
entire opening between supports and from the top
rail to the platform
40Fall ProtectionGuardrails
- Top rail must withstand 200 pounds of force (100
pounds for single-point and two-point adjustable
suspension scaffolds) - When maximum force is applied, the top rail must
not deflect below minimum permissible height - Mid rails, screens, mesh, and intermediate
members must withstand a force of 150 pounds (75
pounds for single-point and two-point adjustable
suspension scaffolds)
41Fall ProtectionGuardrails Cross Bracing
- Can be used in place of a mid rail when the
crossing point is between 20 inches and 30 inches
above the work platform - Can be used instead of a top rail when the
crossing point is between 38 inches and 48 inches
above the work platform - Upright end points must be more than 48 inches
apart
42Falling Object Protection Options
- Barricading the work areas below
- Install toe board on scaffold platforms
- Install canopies or debris nets to protect
workers below the platform
43Requirements for Specific Scaffolds
- Tube and coupler scaffolds
- Mobile scaffolds
- Containment platforms
- Two-point suspension scaffolds
- Singe-point suspension scaffolds
- Pik boards
44Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
- Designed by a P.E. if over 125 feet
- Requirements for couplers and bracing
45Containment Platforms
- Containment platforms must comply with 1926.
Subpart L.
46Mobile Scaffolds
- Must be plumb, level, and squared
- Wheels must be able to be locked
- Scaffold must be leveled using screw jacks
- Caster stems and wheel stems shall be pinned or
otherwise secured
47Mobile Scaffolds
- Manual force to move the scaffold must be applied
no more than 5 feet above the supporting surface - Power systems used to move the scaffolds must be
designed for such use
48Mobile Scaffolds
- Employees can only ride mobile scaffolds under
the following conditions - Surface is within 3 degrees of level
- Height to base width is two to one or less
- Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on
both sides - Speed does not exceed one foot per second when
power systems are used - No employee is on any part of the scaffold that
extends outward beyond wheels, casters, or other
supports
49Two Point Suspension Scaffolds
- Can not be connected together during raising and
lowering operations unless the connections are
articulated and hoists properly sized - Can not be more than 36 inches wide unless
designed by a qualified person to prevent
unstable conditions
50Single Point Suspension Scaffolds
- Use of a safety hook (hook with a latch), if a
boatswains chair is used - Supporting rope must be kept vertical
51Pik Boards
- Safety ropes or clips on stirrups used to suspend
the platform from the cables - Minimum width of the pik boards must be at least
18" - - Pik secured to hangers at
both ends
52Training
- Employees using scaffolds must receive training
from a qualified person that covers - Nature of electrical, fall, and falling object
hazards - Use of scaffold
- Maximum intended load and load carrying
capabilities of the scaffold - Requirements of subpart L
53Training
- OSHA has separate training requirements for
workers engaged in the following - Erecting
- Disassembling
- Moving
- Repairing
- Maintenance
- Inspection
54Training
- Employees engaged in activities other than use
must receive training from a qualified person
that covers - Nature of electrical, fall, and falling object
hazards - Correct procedures
- Design criteria, load capacity, and intended use
- Requirements of subpart L
55Retraining
- Required if an employee lacks the skill or
understanding needed for safe work involving
scaffolds - Retraining is also required when
- Additional or new hazards exist
- Changes occur in the type of scaffold and fall
protection - Where there are inadequacies in an employees
work practices
56 OSHA Aerial Lift RequirementsTraining
- Operated only by authorized persons
- According to an OSHA letter of interpretation
training is required - Training requirements enforced by OSHA would be
based on industry standards as defined in ANSI
Standard A92.2
57 OSHA Aerial Lift RequirementsTraining
- ANSI Standard A92.2 training requirements
include - Instruction in safe operation including the
operators manual, users work instruction, and
other applicable ANSI standards - Hands on training must also be included
58 OSHA Aerial Lift Requirements Fall Protection
- Fall protection must be worn when in the basket
- A short lanyard (e.g. 3 to 4 foot lanyard)
should be used for restraint - Employees must always stand firmly on the floor
of the basket (not the guardrails)
59 OSHA Aerial Lift Requirements
- Must be provided with upper and lower controls
- Lower controls to be operated only in emergencies
or with permission of workers in the basket - Test controls daily prior to use
60OSHA Aerial Lift Requirements
- Place outriggers on solid surface or pads
- Load limits specified by the manufacturer must
not be exceeded - Boom must not be elevated when lift is moving
61OSHA Scissor Lift Requirements
- Requirements for mobile scaffolds apply
- If guard rails are in place, no additional fall
protection is required
62Additional Information
- www.osha.gov
- 29 CFR 1926 Subpart L (Scaffold Standard)
- CPL 02-01-023 CPL 2-1.23 (Compliance Directive)
- Scaffolding Construction e-Tool
- Letters of interpretation
- www.scaffold.org (Scaffold Industry Association)
- http//www.ansi.org (American National Standard
Institute) - A92 (SIA) Scaffolds and other elevating devices
63Questions