Grower-Finisher and Gestation/lactation Feeding Strategies

1
Grower-Finisher and Gestation/lactation Feeding
Strategies

• Nathan Fastinger
• 3/01/05

2
Hog Slaughter Live Weights
Weight, lb
Year
3
Targets for Lean GrowthSymbol II
NPPC
4
Characteristics of G/F stage

• Long period
• Conventional (95 to 140 days on test)
• enter at 50 to 60 lbs (i.e. 50 to 60 days of age)
• leave 230 to 300 lbs (150 to 210 days of age)
• Typical diet
• Corn/Soybean Meal

5
Traditional Finisher (dry feed)
6
Non-traditional Finisher
7
How do we feed the G/F pig

• Split sex feeding (from 50 kg up)
• Barrow Gilt
• Feed Intake higher - 10
• ADG higher - 8 to 10
• Feed Efficiency poorer 2 to 3
• Lean Meat poorer 1 to 3
• Sexes fed to meet intake, growth and lean
  potential
• Barrows lower protein
• Gilts higher density energy and protein levels

8
Phase feeding Matching nutrient levels to pigs
needs

• Multiple diet formulations during G/F
• middle or average pigs because weight variation
  exists within groups
• Between 1 and 5 diets used
• genotype, environment, feed costs, feed
  processing costs, target ending weight
• liquid diets may facilitate easier changes

9
Nutritional Management
Requirement
Single Phase
Poor pig performance
15 CP (20 to 120 kg)
Underfeed CP
Diet
Overfeed CP
Excess N and P excretion
20
120
Live Weight, kg
10
Nutritional Management
Multiple Phase designed to meet genetic
capacity, health and facilities of the pig
Minimize overfeeding of essential nutrients
CP and Nutrient Levels changed frequently to
closely match pigs needs
20
120
Live Weight, kg
11
Feeding Gilts (NRC, 1998)

• Phase 1 (20-50 kg)
• 0.95 lysine (18 Crude Protein)
• Phase 2 (50-80 kg)
• 0.82 lysine (15.5 Crude Protein)
• Phase 3 (80-120 kg)
• 0.64 lysine (13.2 Crude Protein)

(Assume 325 g/d lean gain)
12
Feeding Barrows (NRC, 1998)

• Phase 1 (20-50 kg)
• 0.95 lysine (18 Crude Protein)
• Phase 2 (50-80 kg)
• 0.72 lysine (15.5 Crude Protein)
• Phase 3 (80-120 kg)
• 0.57 lysine (13.2 Crude Protein)

(Assume 325 g/d lean gain)
13
Management Considerations

• Space requirements
• Conventional confinement finisher
• 7.5 to 8 square feet per pig
• Hoop structures
• 12 to 15 square feet per pig
• Water Access
• Nipple waterers (minimum of 2 per pen)
• one for every 8 to 12 pigs pigs
• Bowl waterers
• one bowl for each 8 to 10 pigs

14
Management Considerations

• Feeder space requirements
• General rule Dry Feeders
• space for 15 - 25 of pigs eating simultaneously
• 1 feeder hole per 4 to 5 pigs
• 10 to 12 inches of space per feeder hole
• For Wet/Dry Feeders
• two holes for each 20 to 25 pigs

15
Comfort zone

• Thermal comfort zone
• Temperature range in which animal does not have
  to expend additional energy to regulate its body
  temperature
• 40 - 75 lbs 70 - 85 F
• 75 - 150 lbs 60 - 83 F
• 150 - 250 lbs 45 - 80 F

16
Feed Efficiency

• Traditional Measure
• lb BW gain/ lb feed
• Progressive
• lb lean wt gain /lb feed

17
Factors Influencing Feed Efficiency

• Non-nutritional factors
• feed waste
• stress (temperature, crowding)
• health status
• feed preparation (particle size and form)
• Nutritional Factors
• Nutrient composition of diet
• Diets differ for genetic type and production
  environment

18
Properly Adjusted Feeder
19
Feed Waste, Impact on Feed Utilization

• Improper adjustment
• Poor design

20 to 120 kg
20
Impact of Feed Preparation on Feed Efficiency

• Feed particle size (target 600 - 800 microns)
• size Dry matter Gain/Feed
• 700 86.1 574
• 700-1000 84.9 549
• gt1000 83.7 518

• Pellets
• 0 to 5 increase FE
• 10 to 15 /ton cost
• Reduced dust

• Meal
• lower cost/ton
• on-farm grinding
• fewer ulcers

21
Paylean (ractopamine)

• ?-adrenergic agonist
• Partitions energy away from fat
• Increases in ADG, GF, LEA, lean
• Decreases in backfat
• Must increase lysine of diet

22
Take home pointsGrower-finisher

• Split sex feeding
• Barrows and gilt separate
• Phase feeding
• Usually 3 phases
• Paylean
• Must weigh the cost against performance
• Corn/Soybean meal diet typical

23
GestationFeeding strategies
24
Todays High-Producing Sows(Maternal traits
genetically imposed)

• Larger mature size (weight)
• Less fat at market and at breeding
• Litter size (11-13 vs. 9-11 pigs)
• No. weaned (9.5 11.0 vs. 8-10 pigs)
• Milk production (7-8 kg vs. 4-6 kg/day)
• Pig weaning weight (5.5 to 6.5 kg at 21 d)
• Turnover rate is high (30-40 per year)

25
Primary Reasons for Culling Sows
Disease or management can override any of the
nutritional reasons
26
Effect of Initial Breeding Weight on Sow Attrition
Newton and Mahan, 1993
27
Effect of Body Fat Content onRetention in the
Breeding Herd
Source Rozeboom, 1999
28
Effect of Sow Gestation Feed Intake on Sow
Backfat (5 Parity Period)
Parity Plt.01 Feed Intake P lt.05
Backfat, mm
Normal Feed Intake
Higher feed ( 150 g/d)
L
L
G
G
L
G
G
L
G
L
1 2 3 4 5
Parity, no.
Source Mahan (1998)
29
Gestation Feed Intake on SowLactation
Measurements
Source Baker et al., 1969
30
Body Condition Scores Used for Sows
Moderate to Good Condition
Extremely thin
Overly Fat Obese
31
Influence of Gestation Feed Intake on Subsequent
Sow Performance

• Excess feed will reduce lactation feed intake
• Body fat important (20-25mm)
• Influences milk fat content
• Influences estrus onset ( gt Parity 1)

32
Weight and Compositional Changes During the
Reproductive Cycle
Total Weight
Protein
Weight
Fat
1st
2nd
3rd
Gestation
Lactation
33
Protein Levels
for Gestation and Lactation

• Protein necessary for muscle formation in growing
  gilts and sows
• Excess protein in gestation will result in
  lowered backfat and body fat
• Inadequate protein in gestation will reduce milk
  production

34
Effect of Gestation Protein Level on Sow Backfat
Thickness (5 Parity Period)
Parity Plt.01 Protein Plt.01
13 CP
Backfat, mm
16 CP
G-1 L-1 G-2 L-2 G-3
L-3 G-4 L-4 G-5 L-5
1 2 3 4 5
Parity, no.
Source Mahan (1998)
35
Recommended Protein Levels during Gestation

• Gestation
• Parity 1 2
• 16 CP (0.75 lys)
• Parity gt 3
• 12 CP (0.50 lys)

36
Mineral Losses from Two Sow Productivities
(After 3 Parities)
Source Mahan and Newton, 1995
37
Bone Development

• Gilts not fed adequate Ca P during grower
  period have higher culling rates
• Bones with high amount of soft bone (trabecular)
  are more rapidly depleted
• Higher dietary Ca P increase sow herd longevity

38
Effect of Ca and P Fed to Grower and Gestating
Gilts On Skeletal Problems
Source Nimmo et al., 1981
39
Long Term Effects of Dietary Ca/PFed to
Reproducing Sows
Source Kornegay et al., 1973
40
Summary (gestation)

• Backfat (last rib) of 20 to 25 mm
• Regulate gestation feed intake to body condition
  score of 3 to 4 (pre farrowing)
• Feed higher gestation protein level (16) in
  Parity 1 and 2, but lower protein (12) after
• Parity 2
• Feed lactation diet 2 weeks pre farrowing

41
Summary (gestation)

• Culling is primarily due to anestrous and
  locomotion problems
• Gilts fed low Ca P during grower period have
  higher culling rates
• Leg failure is higher in sows prior to parity 3
• Higher dietary Ca P increase sow herd longevity

42
Lactation feeding strategies
43
High-Producing Sows(Maternal traits genetically
imposed)

• Larger mature size (weight)
• Less fat at market and at breeding
• Litter size (11-13 vs. 9-11 pigs)
• No. weaned (9.5 11.0 vs. 8-10 pigs)
• Milk production (7-8 kg vs. 4-6 kg/day)
• Pig weaning weight (5.5 to 6.5 kg at 21 d)
• Turnover rate is high (30-40 per year)

44
(No Transcript)
45
Lactation in sows

• Similar milk production as a dairy cow on a BW
  basis
• Ad libitum feed intake is required for maximum
  milk production
• Lactation period is 10-28 days long
• Milk production is a high priority

46
Effect of Lactation Feed Intake on Sow Return to
Estrus
47
Feeder design
48
Lactation Phase Feeding

• Low feed intake the first 3 to 5 d
• Ad libitum by day 5
• Early lactation diets should be more nutrient
  dense

49
Lactation requirements

• Lactation (full feed)
• Parity 1 2 20 CP (1.00 lysine)
• Parity gt 3 18 CP (0.90 lysine)

50
Effect of Added Fat on
Sow Lactation Performance
Source Shurson et al., 1985
51
Temperature Effects on
Sow Lactation Performance
Source Lynch, 1978
52
Heat Stress on
Sow Lactation Performance
Source Nichols et al., 1983
53
Feeding Strategies for Gilts and Sows
Wean
1-2 wk. Prefarrow
Feed to Condition
Flush
Flush
15-107 day
Farrow
Mate
Mate
15 day
Gilt Development
Source Close, 2000
54
Summary (lactation)

• Bring sows up to full feed as soon as possible
• Ad libitum feed intake is critical
• Minimize weight loss during lactation
• Rebreeding interval is important

55
Protein Carryover in the Sow from Gestation to
Lactation
Source Mahan and Mangan, 1975