8th Grade Review

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8th Grade Review
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The Industrialization of AmericaFrom 1877 to 1918

• Industrialization touched almost every aspect of
  life in America. It meant new products and
  conveniences for consumers and new sources of
  wealth for business-owners.
• What factors led to the emergence of the U.S. as
  an industrial giant?
• How were workers affected by the rise of
  industry?
• What factors led to increasing immigration of the
  United States?
• How were Native American Indians affected by the
  movement west?

3
The Factors of Production

• Natural Resources are the minerals, plants, and
  animals found in nature-including air, water, and
  soil. These allow us to grow crops or provide
  the needed to make goods.
• Human Resources are the human labor and
  management skills that go into making goods and
  providing services.
• Capital Resources are the results of reshaping
  natural and human resources into tools that aid
  in the making of future goods and services.
  Factories, canals, ships and railroads are
  examples of capital resources. Money is also a
  capital resource.

4
Rise of American Industry

• The development of new machines led to the rise
  of factories and mass production. Often
  ill-treated by their employers, factory workers
  organized into unions. At first, public opinion
  opposed unions, but attitudes changed in the
  early 1900s.

5
How the Free Market Works

• When demand is high and supply is low, the price
  goes up.
• When demand is low and supply is high, the price
  goes down.

6
The Rise of American Industry

• The Growth of Railroads
• 1869 -gt transcontinental railroad
• Connected the East and West coast.
• Railroads made it possible to move food from
  farms and goods from factories to distant cities.
• The coming of the railroad put an end to the
  traditional way of life of Native American Indian
  tribes.
• New inventions and ways of producing goods
• Samuel F.B. Morse
• Telegraph
• Signaled the start of a revolution in
  communication.
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Telephone
• Thomas A. Edison
• Electric light-bulb

7
The Rise of Corporations

• Pre-Civil War, most businesses were owned by
  individuals.
• Post-Civil War, corporations became very popular
  form of business.
• CORPORATION
• KEY ADVANTAGE can raise extremely large sums of
  money by selling stocks to anyone who wishes to
  buy them.
• Corporations used the money they raised to build
  large machines and factories.
• This enabled them to produce goods more cheaply.

8
Great Business Leaders Heroes and Villains?

• Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
• STEEL
• Vertical Integration
• John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937)
• OIL
• Standard Oil Company

9
The Rise of Big Business

• Monopoly a company that controls all the
  business in an industry.
• The aim of a monopoly is to eliminate all
  competition and then raise its own prices.

10
The Response of Government to Monopolistic
Practices

• Most government leaders felt that allowing
  businesses to operate without interference would
  lead to the production of the best and cheapest
  goods.
• BUT the abuses of big business finally forced
  the government to react.
• Congress passed two laws to deal with the
  situation.
• 1. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)-gt made certain
  practices of railroad companies illegal.
• 2. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)-gt done to stop
  unfair practices.

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The Response of Labor

• Workers began organizing into labor unions to
  have more power than they did as individuals.
  This was done to combat the ill-treatment they
  have to undergo daily at work.
• If the employer refused to meet the union demands
  the workers would go on strike.
• Knights of Labor
• Formed in 1869 as one large union that included
  both skilled and unskilled workers.
• Knights demanded an 8-hour day, higher wages, and
  safety codes.
• American Federation of Labor
• Founded in 1881 by Samuel Gompers
• The AFL was a union of skilled labors ONLY!!!!

12
Immigration and Urbanization

• People flooded into cities in search of jobs and
  prosperity. Immigrants were attracted by dreams
  of a better life. Cities grew so rapidly they
  could not deal with their problems.

13
Urbanization

• In 1865, most Americans lived in the (rural area)
  or countryside.
• By 1920, half of all Americans lived in urban
  areas (cities).
• Chicago
• New York
• Reasons for Urbanization
• Jobs-gt many new factories and workshops attracted
  people.
• Cultural aspect-gt theatres, museums, and
  libraries.
• Search for a better life.

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The Problems Created by Growing Cities

• Inadequate Public Services
• Cities lacked the ability to deliver increased
  public services.
• Hospitals, police forces, schools, fire
  departments, street cleaning, garbage collection.
• Transportation
• Horse-drawn coaches and later electric trolleys
  were needed to transport workers to and from
  their jobs.
• Overcrowding
• Families were crowded into tenements (small
  apartment buildings).
• These tenements often lacked daylight, fresh air,
  and adequate plumbing.
• Corruption
• Many cities were run by corrupt political bosses
  (Boss Tweed)

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Shifting Patterns of Immigration

• Old Immigrants
• Immigrants from Northern Europe.
• New Immigrants
• Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.
• They were Catholic and Jewish, rather than
  Protestant.
• These newcomers often were extremely poor, spoke
  little or no English, and dressed differently
  from other Americans.
• They settled in ghettos
• Ethnic neighborhoods (tenements)
• Chinatown or Little Italy.

16
Attempts to Limit Immigration

• Some Americans, referred to as nativists,
  spoke against further immigration.
• The believed the new immigrants would never
  adjust to American society.
• They also feared that immigrants would take jobs
  away from Americans, since they were willing to
  work for less wages.
• In the 1920s, Congress passed laws limiting
  European immigration.
• Immigration Acts of the 1920s-gt Congress
  established a quota
• It restricted immigration from Eastern and
  Southern Europe.

17
Settlement of the Frontier

• Wilderness areas began to disappear as settlers
  and farmers moved West. Native American Indians
  were forced off their traditional lands and moved
  onto government reservations.

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The Shifting Frontier

• The last frontier consisted of the Great Plains
  and the Far West.
• The Homestead Act (1862)
• Encouraged the settlement of the West
• Negative Impact
• Within a short span of thirty years, from 1860 to
  1890-herds of buffalo were destroyed.
• Native American Indians were forced onto
  reservations.

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From Progressivism to the New DealFrom 1898 to
1941

• Americans came to terms with some of the problems
  of industrial society-unemployment, unsafe
  working conditions, and political corruption. At
  the same time, the nation began playing a greater
  role in world affairs.
• What changes were brought about by the
  Progressive Movement?
• How did the Spanish-American War lead to foreign
  policy changes?
• Why did the United States enter World War I?
• What factors led to the Great Depression?

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The Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy

• National Security
• One major goal is to protect our country form
  attack. Americans achieve this through military
  preparedness, responding to aggression, allying
  with friendly nations, and participating in
  international organizations.
• Protection of U.S. Citizens. Investments, and
  Trade.
• Our government acts to protect American citizens
  and investments overseas.
• Promotion of Democracy
• The United States actively seeks to spread its
  political system-democracy-to others.
• Promotion of Human Rights and International Peace
• The United States supports morality in both
  national and international affairs.

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Progressive Movement

• Progressive reformers sought to end political
  corruption and to remedy social problems caused
  by industrialization. Presidents Roosevelt and
  Wilson introduced many Progressive Reforms.

22
The Grangers and the Populist Party1867-1896

• In 1867, farmers organized the Grange Movement to
  deal with their problems.
• Upset with the high rates the railroad companies
  were charging farmers to ship crops.
• Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act to
  stop railroad abuses.
• In 1892, farmers joined forces with a new
  political party (Populist Party).
• The Populists represented farmers, laborers and
  factory workers against banking and railroad
  interests.

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The Progressive Movement Emerges

• The Progressive Movement developed between 1900
  an the start of World War I.
• AIM
• To correct the political and economic abuses
  resulted from Americas rapid industrialization.

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Muckrakers and Social Reformers

• Muckraker
• Digs up dirt
• Wrote about the corrupt practices of big business
  and government.
• Upton Sinclair
• The Jungle -gtunsanitary practices of the meat
  packing industry.
• Jane Addams
• Established settlement houses that took care of
  the needs of immigrants and the poor (Hull
  House).

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The Progressive Presidents

• Theodore Roosevelt (T.R) 1901-1910
• T.R was known as the trust buster
• Responsible for the break-up of Rockefellers
  Standard Oil Company.
• Passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat
  Inspection Act in 1906.
• He promoted the conservation of wildlife areas on
  federal lands.
• Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921
• Wilson used his power as President to control big
  business and to improve living conditions in
  America.

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The Womens Suffrage Movement

• How women were treated in the 1800s
• Legally
• Women were denied full equality of citizenship.
  They lacked the right to vote, to serve on
  juries, and to hold public office.
• Economically
• Once a woman married, her husband usually took
  control of her income and property. Women were
  paid less than men for the same work.
• Socially
• Women were expected to care for their home and
  children. They received little schooling.

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Women Rights Movement

• Suffrage-gt winning the right to vote.
• Leaders for the womens right movement
• Lucretia Mott
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony
• Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
• Passed a resolution that women were equal to men
• 19th Amendment (1920)
• Prohibited states from denying any citizen the
  right to vote on the basis of gender.

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U.S. Foreign Policy 1898-1918

• The United States showed it was a world power by
  going to war with Spain in 1898. After the war,
  Americans acquired a colonial empire in the
  Caribbean, Asia, and the Pacific. In 1917, they
  entered World War I, helping to win that
  conflict.
• During the late 1800s, the United States emerged
  as a major world power.

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The Spanish-American Warreferred to as A
Splendid Little War

• Causes of the Spanish-American War
• Yellow Journalism-gt deliberately sensationalized
  news
• American economic interests (investments) in
  Cuba.
• Americans felt they had the moral obligation to
  help Cuban people in their struggle for
  independence.
• The Sinking of the Maine (U.S Battleship)
• The war
• Lasted 4 months
• More U.S soldiers died from diseases and spoiled
  food than actual combat causalities.
• T.R. and the Rough Riders victory at San Juan
  Hill sealed the American victory over Spain.
• Treaty of Paris-gt peace agreement/settlement
• U.S. acquires Cuba, Puerto Rice, Guam, and
  Philippines (20 m.)

30
America Builds a Colonial Empire

• Imperialism-gt the control of one country by
  another.
• Reasons for overseas Expansion
• Economic Interests
• U.S was now an industrial power. Colonies would
  provide raw materials for factories and markets
  to sell goods.
• Belief in Moral Superiority
• Many Americans believe that they were the
  superior race and had the moral obligation to
  extend their way of life to others.
• Desire to be a Great Power
• The U.S needed overseas colonies to provide naval
  bases.
• Strategic places.

31
American Involvement in the Pacific

• Japan
• Isolated itself from the outside world for nearly
  200 years.
• Commodore Matthew Perry and his floating
  volcanoes Great White Fleet arrive at Japan
  and demand they open up to trade or consequences
  will follow.
• Fearing Western military strength, Japan opens
  its doors.
• Japan quickly learned to adopt Western ideas and
  technology.
• China
• Spheres of Influence special trading
  privileges
• Boxer Rebellion Chinese revolt to rid their
  country of foreign rule
• Open Door Policy all nations have equal
  trading rights in China

32
American Involvement in the Caribbean

• In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt declared
  that the U.S would act as a policeman in the
  Western Hemisphere.
• European Nations KEEP OUT!!!!
• Roosevelt Corollary
• Big Stick Policy
• Panama Canal
• It is considered the greatest engineering feat of
  the 20th century by the United States.
• Cuts trip time in half.
• Important not only for trade but military
  purposes as well.

33
World War IThe Great War

• The Outbreak of War In Europe 1914
• Causes for the war
• Militarism
• Alliance System (entangling)
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• Spark
  the assassination of the Archduke
  Ferdinand and his wife by the black hand.

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Reasons for the U.S. Involvement in WWI

• Ties with Allies
• Language, political systems, and trade.
• German Actions
• Americans were shocked with the German invasion
  of neutral Belgium.
• Zimmerman Telegram -gt encouraged Mexico to invade
  the U.S
• German use of Submarine Warfare
• Germany began to sink ships carrying goods to
  Britain.
• These actions by the German Navy violated the
  freedom of the seas principle.

35
World War I1914-1918

• Trench Warfare
• New weapons
• Machine gun
• Plane
• Tank
• Poison gas
• Airship
• The U.S enters the war in 1917
• Wilson declares the war is being fought to save
  the world for democracy.
• U.S entrance into the war propels the Allies to
  victory over the Central Powers.
• Allies benefited from U.S man-power and
  industrial strength.

36
The war is over

• The Peace Settlement
• Wilsons 14 points
• Called for
• Freedom of the seas
• Reduced armaments
• An end to secret treaties between nations
• Creation of the League of Nations (general
  security council for the world)
• Its purpose is to settle disputes between nations
• Prevent another war.
• Versailles Treaty
• Very different terms in comparison to Wilsons 14
  points.
• Quite harsh on Germany
• Germany had to pay reparations (war payments for
  damages)
• Germany had to take blame for the war

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America refuses to join the League of Nations

• The U.S. Senate rejected the treaty, fearing that
  Americans would be drawn into another foreign
  war.
• The U.S. returned to a policy of isolationism.
• In the 1920s, Americans kept away from
  involvement in European affairs, raised tariff
  rates, and restricted immigration of the United
  States.

38
Prosperity and Depression

• In the 1920s, new technologies contributed to
  prosperity. When the New York Stock Market
  crashed in October 1929, millions of people were
  thrown out of work. President Franklin D.
  Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to revive the
  economy.

39
The Roaring 20s1920-1929

• Factors Underlying the Prosperity of the 1920s
• Rise in the Automobile
• Enormous growth in the automobile ownership
  stimulated other industries.
• Steel, glass, rubber
• Development of other Industries
• The use of electricity created new household
  products
• Vacuum cleaners, toasters, refrigerators.
• Government Policies
• Republican Presidents (Harding, Coolidge and
  Hoover)
• Followed policies favoring business.
• Laissez-faire capitalism
• Improved Production
• Assembly line

40
The 20s

• Red Scare
• A fear of communism (which took over Russia in
  1917)
• Ku Klux Klan
• Reemerged during the 1920s and expanded their
  hatred to not only African-Americans but also to
  Catholics, Jews, and Immigrants.
• Harlem Renaissance
• Harlem, New York When African Americans
  expressed new pride in their culture.
• Langston Hughes
• Countee Cullen

41
The Causes of the Great Depression

• Overproduction
• The 1920s saw rapid increases in the production
  of new goods like cars and radios. Manufacturers
  were making more goods than Americans could
  afford to buy.
• Shaky Banking
• In the 1920s the government did not regulate
  banks. Bankers often invested depositors money
  in unsound investments. Consumers bought more
  than they could afford. Many people could not
  pay their debts.
• Stock Market Speculation
• As stock prices rose in the 1920s, more and more
  people bought stocks, hoping to get rich quick.
  People bought stocks on credit, promising to pay
  the rest later. When the market crashed, many
  could not pay.

42
The Dust Bowl

• In the Great Plains, farmers were affected by a
  series of droughts.
• Crops dried up and the soil turned to dust.
• Farmers were unable to pay their mortgages and
  had to leave their farms.
• Many headed west to find work.
• Oakies

43
Herbert Hoover

• Hoover felt that the government should not
  directly interfere in the economy.
• He believed American businesses will pull the U.S
  out of this economic slump.
• Many pointed the finger of blame in Hoovers
  direction.
• Hoovervilles and Hoover blankets
• Hoovers final straw came when he ordered military
  force to disperse the Bonus Army from the steps
  of the Capitol building.
• The people of America wanted change.

44
FDR and the New Deal

• Relief
• Measures were short-term steps to tide people
  over until the economy recovered.
• Reform
• Measures sought to correct defects to ensure that
  sure a severe depression would never strike again
• Recovery
• Measures helped restore the economy by rebuilding
  peoples purchasing power.

45
The United States as a World LeaderFrom 1941 to
present

• American attempts to avoid a foreign war failed,
  when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. After World
  War II, the U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as
  superpowers. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of
  social reform. This reform period ended with the
  Vietnam War. In the 1970s, the nation sank into
  a recession. In the 1980s and 1990s, Americans
  recovered and took on a new world role.
• What were the causes of World War II and the Cold
  War?
• What key social developments occurred in the
  1950s and 1960s?
• How did the Vietnam War and the Watergate Scandal
  affect Americans?

46
World War II and the Cold War

• During World War II, American helped defeat
  German and Japanese aggression. After the war,
  America and the Soviet Union became rivals in the
  Cold War.

47
World War II1941-1945

• Economic unrest led to the rise of dictators in
  Germany (Hitler) and Italy (Mussolini).
• World War II begins when Germany and the U.S.S.R.
  invade Poland.
• U.S is neutral at the start of the war.
• Congress passed the Neutrality Acts prohibiting
  Americans from selling arms to warring nations.
• U.S. enters the war when the Empire of Japan
  secretly bombs Pearl Harbor (U.S Naval Base in
  the Pacific).
• U.S. Home Front plays a vital role in the Allied
  defeat of the Axis Powers.

48
The War Against Germany

• Final Solution
• Hitler began exterminating Jews, gypsies, the
  disabled and the mentally ill in what has become
  known as the Holocaust.
• 12 million people were killed in concentration
  camps.
• Hitler commits suicide - Germany surrenders V-E
  Day
• Nuremburg Trials
• The Allies put leading Nazis on trial in
  Nuremberg.
• Most of these leaders were found guilty of
  atrocities and hanged.

49
The War Against Japan

• Once Germany was defeated, Americans began
  preparations for an invasion of Japan.
• To avoid casualties, President Truman decided to
  use a new weapon, the atomic bomb, against Japan.
• The Manhattan Project
• Truman selected Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Japan surrenders in August 1945.

50
The Rise of the Superpowers

• The collapse of European power left the United
  States and Soviet Union as the worlds two
  superpowers.
• The U.S had tremendous economic power and the
  atomic bomb.
• The USSR had the worlds largest army, which
  occupied most of Eastern Europe.

51
Civil Rights and Reform1950-1968

• The Supreme Court ended racial segregation in
  public schools. President Johnson introduced
  Great Society programs to help the poor. Women
  demanded greater equality.

52
From Crisis to Prosperity1968-present

• Failure in Vietnam and the Watergate scandal
  weakened the Presidency. President Reagan
  restored prosperity. President Bush witnessed
  the end of the Cold War. Under President
  Clinton, Americans enjoyed an economic boom.