Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology II
1 Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Lab 2 Blood
2Activity 1 Blood Pathologies Observe
prepared slides of blood smears taken from
patients with the following disorders pernici
ous anemia iron deficiency anemia sickle cell
anemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia eosinophil
ia
3Anemia refers to any condition in which there is
a reduction in the number of RBCs or a reduction
in the concentration of normal hemoglobin Anemia
can be classified according to etiology (cause)
or on the basis of morphology For
morphological classification, the
following terms are used
RBC Size RBC Color
Microcytic small size Hypochromic pale color
Normocytic normal size Normochormic normal color
Macrocytic large size Hyperchromic dark color
4Pernicous Anemia caused by vitamin B12
deficiency
- Can be either macrocytic, hyperchromic or
macrocytic normochromic - Note the enlarged, dark red blood cells, and the
hypersegmented neutrophil in this smear
5Iron Deficiency Anemia caused by iron
insufficiency leading to decreased
hemoglobin synthesis
- Is an example of microcytic, hypochromic
anemia - Note the small erythrocytes of varying sizes and
the large area of central pallor
6Sickle Cell Anemia caused by a single amino
acid substitution in the ß chain of hemoglobin
(valine replaces glutamic acid)
- This is a normochromic, normocytic anemia
- Note the sickle shaped erythrocytes.
7- Disorders Related to Leukocytes
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
- caused by malignant lymphocyte progenitor cells
in bone marrow
- Note the abundant small lymphocytes in this blood
smear - The lymphocyte nucleus may have a small
indentation, or cleft
8- Eosinophilia
- many causes, including malignancy, connective
tissue diseases, parasitic diseases, allergies
in some cases, no known cause
Note the two normal looking eosinophils in the
field
9Activity 2 Blood Typing Pretested blood
samples will be tested for the presence of A, B
and Rh agglutinogens
Type A Type B Type AB Type
O Clinically Important Blood Groups
Include the ABO System
10And the Rh System which includes the D
agglutinogen
Rh Rh-
11Blood Type is determined by determining which
aggutinogens are present on RBC surfaces
Type A Type AB Type B-
Type AB- Type O-
12Agglutinins are antigens that combine with
agglutinogens and cause a clumping reaction
called agglutination
Type B Cells Anti-B agglutinin
Agglutination
13To determine the blood type of a sample, mix
separate drops of a blood sample with anti A
agglutinin, anti B agglutinin and anti-D
agglutinin
Blood Typing Slide With 3 Drops Of Blood To Be
Tested, One Drop In Each Well
14Add Anti-A serum to this well and mix
Add anti-D serum to this well and mix
Make sure that you use a separate toothpick for
mixing in each well.
Add Anti-B serum to this well and mix
If the agglutinin in the antiserum binds to
agglutinogen you will soon observe
agglutination
15For example
Anti A Anti D Serum Serum
Anti B Serum
Type B Type B-
Type O
16This is what agglutination will look like
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17- Safety Precautions for Dealing With Blood
Samples - Wear gloves
- Wear goggles
- Do not test your own blood use our samples
- Place any materials that contact blood in bleach
solution immediately after use - 5. Avoid spilling the samples do not carry the
slides or samples from place to place. If there
is a spill, cover with bleach solution
immediately and notify your lab instructor
18Activity 3 The ELISA Test The ELISA Test
(Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay) is an
initial screening test for HIV, hepatitis B and
hepatitis C infection In this activity, you
will be test a serum sample from a fictional
patient to see if they have a positive ELISA for
anti-HIV antibody
Individuals with healthy immune systems
manufacture antibodies (anti-HIV antibodies)
against HIV coat proteins, such as gp120
19The HIV ELISA Screening Test is used to detect
anti-HIV antibodies
- Basic Steps
- A microplate with wells coated with HIV coat
proteins (antigens) is used - A patients diluted serum is added to a well if
anti-HIV antibodies are present, they will
specifically bind to the adherent coat proteins - A second antibody is added. This antibody is
linked to an enzyme and it binds specifically to
anti-HIV antibody. - A chromagen is added to the well a chromagen is
a colorless substrate that, when acted on by the
enzyme, becomes colored (in this case, reddish
yellow)
20Each pair of students will be assigned a
fictional patient (A F) and will perform a test
using the series of wells designated by the
instructor Results need to be posted for class
use ..