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Human Anatomy and Physiology II

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Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology II


1
Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Lab 2 Blood
2
Activity 1 Blood Pathologies Observe
prepared slides of blood smears taken from
patients with the following disorders pernici
ous anemia iron deficiency anemia sickle cell
anemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia eosinophil
ia
3
Anemia refers to any condition in which there is
a reduction in the number of RBCs or a reduction
in the concentration of normal hemoglobin Anemia
can be classified according to etiology (cause)
or on the basis of morphology For
morphological classification, the
following terms are used
RBC Size RBC Color
Microcytic small size Hypochromic pale color
Normocytic normal size Normochormic normal color
Macrocytic large size Hyperchromic dark color
4
Pernicous Anemia caused by vitamin B12
deficiency
  1. Can be either macrocytic, hyperchromic or
    macrocytic normochromic
  2. Note the enlarged, dark red blood cells, and the
    hypersegmented neutrophil in this smear

5
Iron Deficiency Anemia caused by iron
insufficiency leading to decreased
hemoglobin synthesis
  • Is an example of microcytic, hypochromic
    anemia
  • Note the small erythrocytes of varying sizes and
    the large area of central pallor

6
Sickle Cell Anemia caused by a single amino
acid substitution in the ß chain of hemoglobin
(valine replaces glutamic acid)
  1. This is a normochromic, normocytic anemia
  2. Note the sickle shaped erythrocytes.

7
  • Disorders Related to Leukocytes
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
  • caused by malignant lymphocyte progenitor cells
    in bone marrow
  1. Note the abundant small lymphocytes in this blood
    smear
  2. The lymphocyte nucleus may have a small
    indentation, or cleft

8
  • Eosinophilia
  • many causes, including malignancy, connective
    tissue diseases, parasitic diseases, allergies
    in some cases, no known cause

Note the two normal looking eosinophils in the
field
9
Activity 2 Blood Typing Pretested blood
samples will be tested for the presence of A, B
and Rh agglutinogens
Type A Type B Type AB Type
O Clinically Important Blood Groups
Include the ABO System
10
And the Rh System which includes the D
agglutinogen
Rh Rh-
11
Blood Type is determined by determining which
aggutinogens are present on RBC surfaces
Type A Type AB Type B-
Type AB- Type O-

12
Agglutinins are antigens that combine with
agglutinogens and cause a clumping reaction
called agglutination
Type B Cells Anti-B agglutinin
Agglutination
13
To determine the blood type of a sample, mix
separate drops of a blood sample with anti A
agglutinin, anti B agglutinin and anti-D
agglutinin
Blood Typing Slide With 3 Drops Of Blood To Be
Tested, One Drop In Each Well
14
Add Anti-A serum to this well and mix
Add anti-D serum to this well and mix
Make sure that you use a separate toothpick for
mixing in each well.
Add Anti-B serum to this well and mix
If the agglutinin in the antiserum binds to
agglutinogen you will soon observe
agglutination
15
For example
Anti A Anti D Serum Serum
Anti B Serum
Type B Type B-
Type O
16
This is what agglutination will look like
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
17
  • Safety Precautions for Dealing With Blood
    Samples
  • Wear gloves
  • Wear goggles
  • Do not test your own blood use our samples
  • Place any materials that contact blood in bleach
    solution immediately after use
  • 5. Avoid spilling the samples do not carry the
    slides or samples from place to place. If there
    is a spill, cover with bleach solution
    immediately and notify your lab instructor

18
Activity 3 The ELISA Test The ELISA Test
(Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay) is an
initial screening test for HIV, hepatitis B and
hepatitis C infection In this activity, you
will be test a serum sample from a fictional
patient to see if they have a positive ELISA for
anti-HIV antibody
Individuals with healthy immune systems
manufacture antibodies (anti-HIV antibodies)
against HIV coat proteins, such as gp120
19
The HIV ELISA Screening Test is used to detect
anti-HIV antibodies
  • Basic Steps
  • A microplate with wells coated with HIV coat
    proteins (antigens) is used
  • A patients diluted serum is added to a well if
    anti-HIV antibodies are present, they will
    specifically bind to the adherent coat proteins
  • A second antibody is added. This antibody is
    linked to an enzyme and it binds specifically to
    anti-HIV antibody.
  • A chromagen is added to the well a chromagen is
    a colorless substrate that, when acted on by the
    enzyme, becomes colored (in this case, reddish
    yellow)

20
Each pair of students will be assigned a
fictional patient (A F) and will perform a test
using the series of wells designated by the
instructor Results need to be posted for class
use ..
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