SKELETAL JOINT Dr. Vareishang Tangpu Assistant Professor in Zoology RIE, Mysore - 06

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SKELETAL JOINTDr. Vareishang TangpuAssistant
Professor in ZoologyRIE, Mysore - 06
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There are 206 bones and 200 joints in human body
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Need Of Skeletal System
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As a support and gives shape to the body
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Movement of body parts
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Protection of vital organs
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?

• If there are no joints
• in our skeleton,
• what will happen
• to our activities?

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The Skeletal Joints

• Well, the point where two or more bones meet is
  called a joint. Some of our joints move, and
  other do not.

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Structure of a joint

• A Joint is made up of-
• Synovial capsule
• Tendon
• Ligament
• Muscles
• Articulating bones
• (Femur Tibia/Febula)

Ligament
Synovial capsule
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Task of Joints

• Bending actions, easy movements etc are possible
  when the skeleton provides flexibility.
• Such flexibility is brought about by joining
  parts of skeletons.
• The structural and functional association of two
  or more bones that make the body parts to perform
  tasks with ease are brought about by joints.

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Classification of joints
1. Immovable
2. Slightly movable
3. Movable
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IMMOVABLE JOINT
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SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINT
HIP BONE
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MOVABLE JOINT

• I. Gliding Joint
• II. Ball and socket Joint
• III. Hinge Joint
• IV. Pivot Joint

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I. GLIDING JOINT

• The first kind of joint is called a gliding
  joint. Gliding joints are found in our wrists,
  ankles, and backbone.
• Gliding joints do what they say they glide past
  one another, and help us move those body parts.

Carpals
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II. BALL AND SOCKET
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Hip joint, Arm joint
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III. HINGE JOINT

• These joints move up and down in one direction,
  like a door opening and closing. This type of
  joint can be found in our fingers, elbows, and
  knees. Move these joints in your body.

A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of
an appendage
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IV. PIVOT JOINT

• Move your neck from side to side.
• Can you feel how a pivot joint moves?
• Joint between 1st and 2nd neck vertebrae.
• This type of joint lets bones roll over each
  other, like in our forearms and neck.

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Hyoid bone the only jointless bone
A small, U-shaped bone situated centrally in the
upper part of the neck, beneath the mandible but
above the larynx near the level of the third
cervical vertebra.
The hyoid is (uniquely in the vertebrate
skeleton) not joined to any other bone but is
suspended by the stylohyoid ligaments from the
styloid process of each temporal bone at the base
of the skull. It is formed from three separate
parts the body, and the left and right greater
and lesser cornu (horns) which fuse in early
adulthood. The function of the hyoid is to
provide an anchor point for the muscles of the
tongue and for those in the upper part of the
front of the neck.
The hyoid bone can be felt by pressing one's
finger into the crease where the chin becomes the
neck.
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I LOVE CRACKING KNUCKLES

• A joint area is surrounded by joint fluid that
  protects the bones from rubbing against each
  other.
• The gas nitrogen is dissolved in your joint
  fluid. When you crack or pop your knuckles,
  you're releasing pressure, which makes the gas
  come out and form a bubble. Don't worry the
  sound is not your bones grinding together.

• That release of pressure allows a temporary
  increase in the joint's range of motion, which is
  why it feels so good. The reason you can't
  recrack your knuckles immediately after is
  because it takes a little time for the gas to get
  redissolved back into the joint fluid.

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Applications
Robot industry

• Toy industry

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Application in Orthopaedics
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Dislocation (pelvic)
When a bone at joint is damaged, dislocation
occurs. Seek doctors help immediately
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Dislocation (Finger)
Crooked and swollen
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Angle sprain
A sprain is caused when ligaments that bind the
bones together in a joint are stretched or torn
due to various pressures
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Can you identify this person who underwent a Left
knee surgery in year 2000?
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Former PM
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What type of joints do you operate?

• By moving your arm up?
• By moving your arm down?
• By moving your arm back?

Answer - (a-c) A ball and joint
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THANK YOU
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Osteoarthritis is the most common form
of arthritis. It causes pain, swelling and
reduced motion in your joints. It can occur in
any joint, but usually it affects your hands,
knees, hips or spine. Osteoarthritis breaks down
the cartilage in your joints. Cartilage is the
slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in
a joint. Healthy cartilage absorbs the shock of
movement. When you lose cartilage, your bones rub
together. Over time, this rubbing can permanently
damage the joint. Factors that may cause
osteoarthritis include Being overweight Getting
older Injuring a joint Therapies that manage
osteoarthritis pain and improve function include
exercise, weight control, rest, pain relief,
alternative therapies and surgery.
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Joint Disorders A joint is where two or more
bones come together, like the knee, hip, elbow or
shoulder. Joints can be damaged by many types of
injuries or diseases. Arthritis or simply years
of use may cause a joint to wear away. This can
cause pain, stiffness and swelling. Over time, a
swollen joint can become severely
damaged. Treatment of joint problems depends on
the cause. If you have a sports injury, treatment
often begins with the RICE (Rest, Ice,
Compression and Elevation) method to relieve
pain, reduce swelling and speed healing. Other
possible treatments include pain relievers,
keeping the injured area from moving,
rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery. For
arthritis, injuries, or other diseases, you may
need joint replacement surgery to remove the
damaged joint and put in a new one.
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Knee cap
Knee replacement is surgery for people with
severe knee damage. Knee replacement can relieve
pain and allow you to be more active. Your doctor
may recommend it if you have knee pain and
medicine and other treatments are not helping you
anymore. When you have a total knee replacement,
the surgeon removes damaged cartilage and bone
from the surface of your knee joint and replaces
them with a man-made surface of metal and
plastic. In a partial knee replacement, the
surgeon only replaces one part of your knee
joint. The surgery can cause scarring, blood
clots and, rarely, infections. After a knee
replacement, you will no longer be able to do
certain activities, such as jogging and
high-impact sports.
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Ankle Injuries and Disorders
Your ankle bone and the ends of your two lower
leg bones make up the ankle joint. Your
ligaments, which connect bones to one another,
stabilize and support it. Your muscles and
tendons move it. The most common ankle problems
are sprains and fractures. A sprain is an injury
to the ligaments. It may take a few weeks to many
months to heal completely. A fracture is a break
in a bone. You can also injure other parts of the
ankle such as tendons, which join muscles to
bone, and cartilage, which cushions your joints.
Ankle sprains and fractures are common sports
injuries.
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Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis of
the spine. It causes swelling between your
vertebrae, which are the disks that make up your
spine, and in the joints between your spine and
pelvis. Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune
disease. This means your immune system, which
normally protects your body from infection,
attacks your body's own tissues. The disease is
more common and more severe in men. It often runs
in families. Early symptoms include back pain and
stiffness. These problems often start in late
adolescence or early adulthood. Over time,
ankylosing spondylitis can fuse your vertebrae
together, limiting movement. Symptoms can worsen
or improve or stop altogether. The disease has no
cure, but medicines can relieve the pain,
swelling and other symptoms. Exercise can also
help.
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GoutGout is a common, painful form of arthritis.
It causes swollen, red, hot and stiff joints.
Gout occurs when uric acid builds up in your
blood. This happens if your body produces extra
acid or does not eliminate enough, or if you eat
too many foods with purines, such as liver and
dried beans. Pseudogout has similar symptoms and
is sometimes confused with gout. However, it is
caused by calcium phosphate, not uric
acid. Often, gout first attacks your big toe. It
can also attack ankles, heels, knees, wrists,
fingers and elbows. You are more likely to get
gout if you1. Are a man, 2. Have family member
with gout, 3. Drink alcohol At first, gout
attacks usually get better in days. Eventually,
attacks last longer and occur more often. Uric
acid buildup can lead to kidney stones. Untreated
gout can cause permanent joint and kidney damage.
You can treat gout with medicines.
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Match the following

• Movement of door
• Movement of grinding stone
• Movement of legs at hips

• Pivot joint
• Gliding joint
• Hinge joint
• Ball socket joint

1. A-1 B-2 C-3
2. A-4 B-3 C-1
3. A-2 B-4 C-1
4. A-3 B-1 C-4
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FAQ

• What holds the bones in a joint? Answer 1
• Which structure connects two bones in a
  joint? Answer 2
• When do two bones get disjointed?
• Answer 3
• 4. How can the disjointed bones be set right?
• Answer 4
• 5. Why does a sound come out when we crack our
  knuckles?
• Answer 5

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Why plastering is done over joints when there is
dislocation?

• ?

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Activity

• Visit and take advices from a doctor to keep our
  skeletal system in good condition

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CORRECT!
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WRONG
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Answer 1

• Ligament

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Answer 2

• Synovial Capsule

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Answer 3

• If a lot of pressure falls on the joint, two
  bones get disjointed

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Answer 4

• It can be set right by applying pressure in
  reverse direction
• (by a physician/orthopedician)

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Answer 5

• The sound is because of breaking the vacuum
  present in the synovial capsule.

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• Maximum number of joints are found in shoulder
  bones

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Various Types of Joints (Movable)

• Gliding Joint
• Ball and socket Joint
• Hinge Joint
• Pivot Joint

Various joints