The Periodic Table of Elements: Becka and Jess Style. =)

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The Periodic Table of Elements Becka and Jess
Style. )

• By Rebekah and Jess

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The History of the Periodic Table....
Antoine Lavoiser---compiled a list of 23 elements
(the ones known at that time- late 1790s).
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John Newlands--proposed an organization scheme
for the elements.  

• Lothar Meyer-- demonstrated a connection between
  atomic mass and elemental properties.

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Dmitri Mendeleev- organized the elements into the
first periodic table.

• Henry Moseley-arrranged the elements by atomic
  mass.
•  

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The Modern Periodic Table
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Groups...The boxes arranged in order of
increasing atomic number into a series of columns
(GROUPS) or families
 

• Periods....
• The rows of boxes are called periods.

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Valence electrons- electrons in outermost
orbitals/ determine chemical properties of
element 

• Orbitals-describe electrons probable location
  (orbitals s,p,d,f).

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TRENDS

• TRENDS

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Atomic Radius- half the distance between nuclei
of identical atoms that are chemically bonded
together.

• trends within periods--decrease in atomic radii
  as you move left to right.

trends within groups--atomic radii decrease as
you move down a group.
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Ionic Radius-is a measure of the size of an ion
in a crystal lattice

• trends within periods-- the size of the positive
  ions gradually decrease from left to right.

trends within groups--gradual increase in ionic
size, going down.
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Ionization Energy- energy required to remove an
electron from a gaseous atom.

• trends within periods-- first ionization energies
  generally increase as you move left to right.
•  

trends within groups--first ionization energies
generally decrease as you move down.
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Electronegativity- indicates relative ability of
its atoms to attract electrons in a chemical
bond.

• trends within groups-- decreases as you move down

trends within periods-- icreases as you move left
to right.  
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THE ELEMENTS

•  

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S- Block ElementsThe s-block metals vary from
extremely soft (all the alkali metals) to quite
hard (beryllium). With the exception of beryllium
and magnesium, the metals are too reactive for
any structural use except as very minor
components of alloys with lead.
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The S-Block
Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic
table. This is why its atomic number is one. The
symbol is H. The atomic weight is 1.00794. It is
a gas element, therefore, it is colorless. It is
in the first period as well. It is in the
s-block, and is non-metallic.  

•  

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The uses for Hydrogen.

• It can be used as a lifting agent.
• It can be used as a fuel.
• The most common use for hydrogen is in chemical
  reactions and reactions.
•  
•  

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Alkali Metals...

• Lithium (Li)- number 3 on periodic table.
  Compounds are used in dehumidifiers. Lithium
  carbonate is used to strenthen glass and as a
  drug to treat bipolar disorders.

Sodium (Na)- number 11 on table. used in sodium
vapor lamps and as a heat exchanger in nuclear
reactors.
Potassium (K)- number 19 on table. potassium
chloride serves as salt substitute. potassium
compounds are included in fertilizers. potassium
nitrate used as an explosive for large scale
fireworks displays.
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Alkali Metals... (continued)...

• Rubidium (Rb)- number 37. it has been considered
  for use in an "ion engine"

Cesium (Cs)- number 55. used in atomic clocks,
removes air traces in vacuum tubes, Ion
propulsion systems, Medical, Photoelectric cells,
Cesium vapor, Magnetometer. 
Francium (Fr)- number 87. It has been used for
research purposes in the fields of biology and of
atomic structure. Its use as a potential
diagnostic aid for various cancer has also been
explored, but this application has been deemed
impractical.
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Alkaline Earth Metals...

• Beryllium (Be)- number 4. used to moderate
  neutrons in nuclear reactors.

Calcium (Ca)- number 20. maintains bones and
teeth. calcium carbonate used in antacid tablets
and as abrasive in toothpaste.
Magnesium (Mg)- number 12. used for backpack
frames, bicycle frames, and the "mag" wheels on
sports cars.
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Alkaline Earth Metals..(continued)

•  Strontium (Sr)- number 38. Gives some fireworks
  their crimson color.

Barium (Ba)- number 56. used in paints and some
types of glass.
Radium (Ra) - number 88. Highly radioactive.
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• P- Block Elements...
•  

•  
• characteristics In the elemental form of the
  p-block elements, the highest energy electron
  occupies a p-orbital. The p-block contains all of
  the nonmetals (except for Hydrogen and Helium
  which are in the s-block) and semimetals, as well
  as some of the metals.

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The Boron Group...

• Boron (B)- number 5. used as a cleaning agent and
  as fireproof insulation.

Indium (In)- number 49. used to coat the bearings
of high speed motors, also to make other
electrical components.
Aluminium (Al)- number 13. used as an abrasive.
Thallium (Tl)- 81.Thallium sulfate, an
odorless, tasteless thallium compound, was once
used as a rat and ant poison.
Gallium (Ga)- number 31. used in some
thermometers.
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The Carbon Group...
Tin (Sn)- aluminum cans.  

• Carbon (C)- number 6. obtained from coal deposits.

Lead (Pb)- number 82. used in storage batteries
for automobiles.
Silicon (Si)- number 14. used in computer chips
and solar cells.
Germanium (Ge)- 32.used as a transistor element
in thousands of electronic applications.
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The Nitrogen Group...
Antimony (Sb)- number 51. antimony sulfide used
as a cosmetic to darken eyebrows.

• Nitrogen (N)- number 7.The largest use of
  nitrogen is for the production of ammonia.

Phosphorus (P)- number 15. used to make
phosphoric acid. essential for plant growth.
Bismuth (Bi)- number 83. used in pink remedy for
nausea and diarrhea.
Arsenic (As)- number 33.used to make rat poison
and some insecticides
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The Oxygen Group...
Oxygen (O)- number 8. used for welding. Liquid
oxygen, when combined with liquid hydrogen, makes
an excellent rocket fuel
Tellurium (Te)- 52. used to color glass and
ceramics and is one of the primary ingredients in
blasting caps.
Polonium (Po)- 84. used to eliminate static
electricity in machinery.also used in brushes for
removing dust from photographic films

• Sulfur (S)- 16. used to preserve fruit and as
  an antibacterial agent.  

Selenium (Se)- number 34. used in solar panels.
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Halogens.. 

• Fluorine (F)- 9. used in toothpaste and water
  to protect tooth enamel.

Iodine (I)- 53. your body needs it. Campers use
it to disinfect water.
Astatine (At)- 85.  there are currently no uses
for astatine outside of basic scientific research.
Chlorine (Cl)- 17. removes stains from clothing.
Bromine (Br)- 35. Silver bromide, a chemical
used in photography, now accounts for the largest
use of bromine.
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The Noble Gases

• There are six noble gases. Helium, Argon Neon,
  Krypton. Xenon, and Radon are the six noble
  gases.

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Helium

• Helium is lighter than air. Its symbol is He and
  it is the second element.Helium was found on the
  sun before it ws found on the Earht. Helium is
  found in natural gas deposits. Its common uses
  are low-temperature cooling systems and pressure,
  lighter-than-air objects and purge systems

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Neon

• Neon is a noble gas. It is the tenth element and
  its symbol is Ne. It can be found in volcanic
  eruptions. It is commonly used for lights.

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Argon

• Argon is the eighteenth element in the periodic
  table, as well as a noble gas. It is commonly
  used in dating rocks with a process called
  Potassium-Argon dating.

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Xenon

• Xenon is the 54th element on the periodic table.
  Its symbol is Xe. It is commonly used to replace
  the halogen in headlights. It makes them
  brighter.

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Krypton

• Krypton is the 36th element in the periodic
  table. Its symbol is Kr. Its common uses are for
  photographic flash lamps for high speed
  photography

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Radon

• Radon is the 86th element on the periodic table.
  At normal room temperatures, radon is a
  colorless, odorless, radioactive gas. Small
  amounts of radon are sometimes used by hospitals
  to treat some forms of cancer

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 Little is known about the elements 113-118
(Ununtrium, Ununquadium, Ununpentium, Ununhexium,
and Ununoctium). They currently have no uses
outside of basic scientific research.
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D-Block Elements. The Transition Metals

•  

These elements share properties such
as electrical conductivity, luster, and
malleability with other metals.
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Scandium (Sc)- 21. Alloys of scandium and
aluminum are used in some kinds of athletic
equipment

• Titanium (Ti)- 22. Since titanium does not
  react within the human body, it is used to create
  artificial hips, pins for setting bones and for
  other biological implants.
•  

Vanadium (V)- 23.Vanadium is corrosion
resistant and is sometimes used to make special
tubes and pipes for the chemical industry.
Chromium (Cr)- 24. Chromium is added to steel
to harden it and to form stainless steel.
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Manganese (Mn)- 25.Manganese is added to molten
steel to remove oxygen and sulfur and is alloyed
with steel to make it easier to form and work
with and to increase steel's strength and
resistance to impact. 
Iron (Fe)- 26. used in making steel.

• Cobalt (Co)-  27. Although cobalt is used in
  electroplating to give objects an attractive
  surface that resists oxidation, it is more widely
  used to form alloys.

Nickel (Ni)- 28. Nickel is a hard, corrosion
resistant metal. Nickel is alloyed with steel to
make armor plate, vaults and machine parts.
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Copper (Cu)- 29. used in electrical wiring.  

• Zinc (Zn)- 30.used as a protective coating for
  other metals.
•  

Yttrium (Y)-  39. Yttrium oxide and yttrium
orthovanadate are both combined with europium to
produce the red phosphor used in color televisions
Zirconium (Zr)- 40. Zirconium is a corrosion
resistant metal that is used in high performance
pumps and valves. Zirconium is widely used in
nuclear reactors
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Niobium (Nb)-  41. Niobium is used as an
alloying agent and for jewelry, but perhaps its
most interesting applications are in the field of
superconductivity.

• Molybdenum (Mo)- 42. Molybdenum is primarily
  used as an alloying agent in steel.

Technetium (Tc)- 43. Small amounts of
technetium can retard the corrosion of steel. can
also be used as a medical tracer and to calibrate
particle detectors.
Ruthenium (Rh) 44. Ruthenium is primarily used
as an alloying agent.
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Rhodium (Rh)- 45. Rhodium is used to make
electrical contacts, as jewelry and in catalytic
converters, but is most frequently used as an
alloying agent in other materials.

• Palladium (Pd)- 46. Palladium is used to make
  springs for watches, surgical instruments,
  electrical contacts and dental fillings and
  crowns.

Silver (Ag)-  47.Pure silver is the best
conductor of heat and electricity of all known
metals, so it is sometimes used in making solder,
electrical contacts and printed circuit boards.
Cadmium (Cd)- Cadmium easily absorbs neutrons and
is used to make control rods for nuclear
reactors. Cadmium is also used in rechargeable
nickel-cadmium batteries.
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Lutetium (Lu)- 71. some of its radioactive
isotopes can be used as a catalyst in the
cracking of petroleum products and a catalyst in
some hydrogenation and polymerization processes.

• Hafnium (Hf)- 72.used in the control rods of
  nuclear reactors. Hafnium is also used in vacuum
  tubes as a getter, a material that combines with
  and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes

Tantalum (Ta)- 73. used to make surgical
equipment.
Tungsten (W)- 74. used to make metal to glass
seals.
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Rhenium (Re)- 75. used in flash lamps for
photography and for filaments in mass
spectrographs and ion gages

• Osmium (Os)- 76.  primarily used to make very
  hard alloys. Osmium alloys can be found in ball
  point pen tips, fountain pen tips, record player
  needles, electrical contacts and other devices
  where frictional wear must be minimized.

Iridium (Ir)- 77. primarily used as a hardening
agent for platinum. Iridium is also alloyed with
osmium to make the tips of fountain pens and
compass bearings.
Platinum (Pt)- 78. used to make jewelry, wire,
electrical contacts and laboratory vessels 
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Gold (Au)- 79. Thin sheets of gold, known as
gold leaf, are primarily used in arts and crafts
for gilding.Gold alloys are used to make jewelry,
decorative items, dental fillings and coins.

• Mercury (Hg)- 80. used to make thermometers,
  barometers and other scientific instruments

Rutherfordium (Rf)- 104.there are currently no
uses for rutherfordium outside of basic
scientific research.
Dubnium (Db)- 105.  there are currently no uses
for dubnium outside of basic scientific research.
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Seaborgium (Sg)- 106. there are currently no
uses for seaborgium outside of basic scientific
research.

• Bohrium (Bh)- 107. there are currently no uses
  for bohrium outside of basic scientific research.

Hassium (Hs)- 108. currently has no uses
outside of basic scientific research.
Meitnerium (Mt)- 109. currently has no uses
outside of basic scientific research.
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Darmstadtium (Ds)- 110. currently has no uses
outside of basic scientific research.

• Roentgenium (Rg)- 111. currently has no uses
  outside of basic scientific research.

Copernicium (Cn)- 112. currently has no uses
outside of basic scientific research.
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F-Block Elements (The Inner Transition Metals)

• They are characterized by having two s-electrons
  in their outer shell (n) and f-electrons in their
  inner (n1) shell.

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The Lanthanide Elements

• Lanthenum
• Cerium
• Praseodyminum
• Neodymium
• Promethium
• Samarium
• Europium
• Gadolinium
• Terbium
• Dysprosium
•  Holmium
• Erbium
• Thulium
• Ytterbium

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Lanthenum

• Lanthenum is the first of the lanthanide series.
  It Lanthanum is one of the rare earth elements
  used to make carbon arc lights which are used in
  the motion picture industry for studio lighting
  and projector lights. Lanthanum also makes up
  about 25 of Misch metal, a material that is used
  to make flints for lighters. Lanthana  is used to
  make the glass used in camera lenses and in other
  special glasses.

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Cerium

• Cerium is the second element in the Lanthanide
  group. It is found in allanite, monazite,
  bastanite, cerite, and samarskite. It is used on
  pyrophoric alloys in cigarette lighters.

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Praseodyminum

• Praseodyminum is the 59th element on the periodic
  table. It is the third lanthanide element.
  Praseodyminum is widely used as a core materal
  for carbon arcs used by the motion picture
  industry for studio lighting and projection. Some
  of the salts are even used to color glasses.

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Neodymium

• Didymium, of which neodymium is a component, is
  used for coloring glass to make welders' goggles.
  Neodymium salts are also used for colorant for
  enamels.

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Promethium

• Promethium could be used to make a nuclear
  powered battery. This type of battery would use
  the beta particles emitted by the decay of
  promethium to make a phosphor give off light.
  This light would then be converted into
  electricity by a device similar to a solar cell.
  It is expected that this type of battery could
  provide power for five years.

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Samarium

• Samarium oxide has been used in optical glass ro
  absorb the infrared. samarium is also used in
  carbon-arc lighting in the motion picture
  industry.

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Europium

• Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth
  elements. There are no commercial applications
  for europium metal, although it has been used to
  dope some types of plastics to make lasers. Since
  it is a good absorber of neutrons, europium is
  being studied for use in nuclear
  reactors.Europium oxide, one of europium's
  compounds, is widely used as a red phosphor in
  television sets and as an activator for
  yttrium-based phosphors.

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Gadolinium

• Gadolinium has the greatest ability to capture
  thermal neutrons of all known elements and can be
  used as control rods for nuclear
  reactors.Gadolinium can be combined with yttrium
  to form garnets that have applications in
  microwave technology.

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Terbium

• Terbium is used to dope some types of solid-state
  devices and, along with zirconium dioxide as a
  crystal stabilizer in fuel cells that operate at
  high temperatures.Sodium terbium borate, a
  terbium compound, is used to make laser light.

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Dysprosium

• There are no commercial applications for
  dysprosium. Since it easily absorbs neutrons and
  has a high melting point, dysprosium might be
  alloyed with steel for use in nuclear reactors.
  When combined with vanadium and other rare earth
  elements, dysprosium is used as a laser material.

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 Holmium

• Holmium has no commercial applications, although
  it has unusual magnetic properties that could be
  exploited in the future.
• Holmium forms no commercially important
  compounds. Some of holmium's compounds include
  holmium oxide holmium fluoride  and holmium
  iodide.

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Erbium

• Erbium is alloyed with vanadium to make it softer
  and easier to shape. Erbium is added to fiber
  optic cables as a doping agent where it is used
  as a signal amplifier. Erbium also has some uses
  in the nuclear power industry.

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Thulium

• Thulium is the least abundant of the naturally
  occurring rare earth elements. Metallic thulium
  is relatively expensive and has only recently
  become available. It currently has no commercial
  applications, although one of its isotopes,
  thulium-169, could be used as a radiation source
  for portable X-ray machines.

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Ytterbium

• Ytterbium has few uses. It can be alloyed with
  stainless steel to improve some of its mechanical
  properties and used as a doping agent in fiber
  optic cable where it can be used as an amplifier.
  One of ytterbium's isotopes is being considered
  as a radiation source for portable X-ray machines.

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The Actinide Elements...
Actinium (Ac)- 89. has no significant
commercial applications, although it is used in
the production of neutrons.
Thorium (Th)- 90. used to coat tungsten
filaments used in electronic devices, such at
television sets.
Protactinium (Pa)-  91.there are currently no
uses for protactinium outside of basic scientific
research.
Uranium (U)- 92. most commonly used in the
nuclear power industry to generate electricity.
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Neptunium (Np)- 93. Neptunium-237 is used in
neutron detectors

• Plutonium (Pu)- 94. used as fuel in nuclear
  power plants.
•  

Americium (Am)- 95. used in home smoke
detectors.
Curium (Cm)- 96. primarily used for basic
scientific research.
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Berkelium (Bk)- 97. no known uses for berkelium
and its compounds outside of basic scientific
research.
Californium (Cf)- 98. used in devices known as
neutron moisture gauges that are used to find
water and oil bearing layers in oil wells.
Einsteinium (Es)- 99. currently has no uses
outside of basic scientific research.

• Fermium (Fm)- 100.currently no uses for fermium
  outside of basic scientific research.
•  

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Mendelevium (Md)-  101. has no uses outside of
basic scientific research
Nobelium (No)- 102. no uses for it outside of
basic scientific research.

• Lawrencium (Lr)- 103. currently no uses for it
  outside of basic scientific research.

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• SOURCES...
• http//www.webelements.com/
• http//www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/hydr
  ogen_uses.htm
•  Chemistry Matter and Change (Glencoe science
  book, pages 150-201)
• education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html
• http//education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele002.html
  
• http//web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/
• StudentProjects/ElementWebSites/helium/uses.html
•  http//www.buzzle.com/articles/uses-of-neon.html
• http//web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/stude
  ntprojects/
• elementwebsites/argon/usesof.htm
• http//periodic.lanl.gov/elements/36.html
• http//education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele086.html
  
• http//education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele057.html
  
•  http//periodic.lanl.gov/elements/58.html

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More Sources... )

• All pictures are from Google.
• http//periodic.lanl.gov/elements/59.html
•  http//periodic.lanl.gov/elements/60.html
•  http//education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele061.htm
  l
•  http//periodic.lanl.gov/elements/62.html
•  http//education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele064.htm
  l
•  http//education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele065.htm
  l
•