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POETRY

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Title: POETRY


1
POETRY
2
POETRY-What is it?
  • A type of literature that expresses ideas,
    feelings, or tells a story in a specific form
    (usually using lines and stanzas)

3
What is Poetry
  • Anything written in meter
  • Stressed and unstressed syllables
  • Similar to music
  • Writing that sounds musical
  • If you like music you should enjoy poetry
  • Poetry is nothing to be frightened of - we just
    need to learn ways of reading and understanding
    it.

4
Look at how the lines break
  • Line breaks - where you decide to cut the line,
    on what word
  • Sentence - strange things happen to sentences in
    poetry - they can be stretched, cut, interrupted,
    fragmented - delayed resolution
  • End-stopped lines
  • Enjambment A line which does not end with a
    grammatical break, that is, where the line cannot
    stand alone, cannot make sense without the
    following line

5
Reading Poetry
ABC by Robert Pinsky Any body can die,
evidently. Few Go happily, irradiating
joy, Knowledge, love. Many Need oblivion,
painkillers, Quickest respite. Sweet time
unafflicted, Various world X Your zenith.
  • Note - when reading a poem out loud or to
    yourself, don't pause at the end of a line if
    there's not punctuation there--read "across the
    line if possible.

6
How to Read Poems
  • Speaker
  • Every lyric poem has a speaker
  • Define the speaker as precisely as possible
  • Poems usually give you a clue as to who the
    speaker is
  • Audience
  • The characters whom the speaker is addressing
  • Rhetorical Situation
  • What is the reason the speaker is addressing the
    audience with these words

7
Maybe Dats Your Pwoblem, Too
Who is the speaker? To whom is the speaker
speaking? Why is the speaker speaking?
8
POETRY FORM
  • FORM/STRUCTURE - the appearance of the words on
    the page
  • LINE - a group of words together on one line of
    the poem
  • STANZA - a group of lines arranged together
  • A word is dead
  • When it is said,
  • Some say.
  • I say it just
  • Begins to live
  • That day.

9
KINDS OF STANZAS
  • Couplet a two line stanza
  • Triplet (Tercet) a three line stanza
  • Quatrain a four line stanza
  • Quintet a five line stanza
  • Sestet (Sextet) a six line stanza
  • Septet a seven line stanza
  • Octave an eight line stanza
  • bold terms indicate ones you will be tested on

10
How to Read Poems
  • Paraphrase
  • Make sure you understand the basic meaning of the
    speakers words
  • Look at the poems diction the choice and order
    of words
  • Your paraphrase usually will take more words than
    the poem itself
  • Use a dictionary to understand unusual words
  • Determine the literal level of the poem

11
Diction/Word Choice
  • She picked up a fruit from the ground, where it
    lay.
  • She pilfered an apple that had fallen from its
    tree.
  • The lovely woman stooped and grabbed the fallen
    apple.

12
Buffalo Bills by E. E. Cummings page 1173
  • Buffalo Bills
  • defunct
  • who used to
  • ride a watersmooth-silver

  • stallion
  • and break onetwothreefourfive pigeonsjustlikethat

  • Jesus
  • he was a handsome man
  • and what I
    want to know is
  • how do you like your blueeyed boy
  • Mister Death

13
Dialect
  • We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks
  • The Pool Players
  • Seven at the Golden Shovel
  • We real cool. We
  • Left School. We
  • Lurk late. We
  • Strike straight. We
  • Sing sin. We
  • Thin gin. We
  • Jazz June. We
  • Die soon.

14
FIGURATIVELANGUAGE
15
SIMILE
  • A comparison of two things using like, as than,
    or resembles.
  • She is as beautiful as a sunrise.

16
METAPHOR
  • A direct comparison of two unlike things
  • All the worlds a stage, and we are merely
    players.
  • - William Shakespeare

17
PERSONIFICATION
  • Giving human-like qualities to an object.
  • April Rain Song Langston Hughes
  • Let the rain kiss youLet the rain beat upon your
    head with silver liquid dropsLet the rain sing
    you a lullabyThe rain makes still pools on the
    sidewalkThe rain makes running pools in the
    gutterThe rain plays a little sleep song on our
    roof at nightAnd I love the rain.

18
My Father as a Guitar Martin Espada
  • Similes?
  • Metaphors? (Why metaphors rather than similes?)
  • Personification?
  • How might speakers dreams be related to fathers
    dreams of own mother?
  • Speaker?
  • Speakers attitude toward his father?
  • How does comparison between speakers father and
    guitar help him express his feelings?

19
OTHERPOETIC DEVICES
20
Allusion
  • Allusion comes from the verb allude which means
    to refer to
  • An allusion is a reference to something famous.
  • Allusions are commonly made to the Bible, nursery
    rhymes, myths, famous fictional or historical
    characters or events, and Shakespeare

21
Allusion, continued
  • A tunnel walled and overlaid
  • With dazzling crystal we had read
  • Of rare Aladdins wondrous cave,
  • And to our own his name we gave.
  • From Snowbound
  • John Greenleaf Whittier

22
Allusion, continued
  • As the cave's roof collapsed, he was swallowed up
    in the dust like Jonah, and only his frantic
    scrabbling behind a wall of rock indicated that
    there was anyone still alive".
  • Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no
    Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except
    the bare necessities".

23
Allusions, continued
  • "Marty's presence at the dance was definitely a
    'Catch 22' situation if he talked to Cindy she'd
    be mad at him, but if he ignored her there'd be
    hell to pay. His anger bubbled to the surface. He
    realized that by coming to the dance he had
    brought his problems with him like a Trojan
    Horse, and he could only hope he would be able to
    keep them bottled up".

24
IMAGERY
  • Language that appeals to the senses.
  • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal
    to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.
  • What about the imagery in Harlem?

then with cracked hands that ached from labor in
the weekday weather . . . from Those Winter
Sundays
25
Harlem Langston Hughes Page 918
  • What happens to a dream deferred?
  • Does it dry up
  • like a raisin in the sun?
  • Or fester like a sore
  • And then run?
  • Does it stink like rotten meat?
  • Or crust and sugar over
  • like a syrupy sweet?
  • Maybe it just sags
  • like a heavy load.
  • Or does it explode?

26
Other
27
How to Read Poems--Other
  • Determine the tone of the poem
  • It is the same as in speech
  • Tones in our voice
  • Facial expressions
  • Sarcasm
  • Images
  • Tone in a poem may reveal the true meaning
  • It may reverse the literal meaning

28
Look at the tone in Harlem
  • What is the tone in the poem?

29
SOUND EFFECTS
30
RHYTHM
  • The beat created by the sounds of the words in a
    poem
  • Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme,
    alliteration and refrain.

31
SCANSION
  • Scansion is the analysis of a line of poetry for
    foot and meter.

32
METER
  • A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
  • Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed
    syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in
    a repeating pattern.
  • When poets write in meter, they count out the
    number of stressed (strong) syllables and
    unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They
    they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

33
METER cont.
  • FOOT - unit of meter.
  • A foot can have two or three syllables.
  • Usually consists of one stressed and one or more
    unstressed syllables.
  • TYPES OF FEET
  • The types of feet are determined by the
    arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.
  • (cont.)

34
METER cont.
  • TYPES OF FEET (cont.)
  • Iambic - unstressed, stressed
  • Trochaic (Trochee) - stressed, unstressed

35
METER cont.
  • TYPES OF FEET (cont.)
  • Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed
  • Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed

36
  •                                                 
        
  • Meter also refers to the number of feet in a
    line

37
METER cont.
  • Kinds of Metrical Lines
  • monometer one foot on a line
  • dimeter two feet on a line
  • trimeter three feet on a line
  • tetrameter four feet on a line
  • pentameter five feet on a line
  • hexameter six feet on a line
  • heptameter seven feet on a line
  • octometer eight feet on a line

38
FREE VERSE POETRY
  • Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT
    have any repeating patterns of stressed and
    unstressed syllables.
  • Does NOT have rhyme.
  • Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds
    like someone talking with you.
  • A more modern type of poetry.
  • Remember Sears Life

39
"The Red Wheelbarrow"(William Carlos Williams)
  •                        so much
    depends                        upon
                          
  • a red
    wheel                        barrow
  •                         glazed with
    rain                        water
  •                         beside the
    white                        chickens.          
                 

40
BLANK VERSE POETRY
  • Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does
    NOT use end rhyme.
  • from Julius Ceasar
  • Cowards die many times before their deaths
  • The valiant never taste of death but once.
  • Of all the wonders that I yet have heard,
  • It seems to me most strange that men should fear
  • Seeing that death, a necessary end,
  • Will come when it will come.

41
RHYME
  • Words sound alike because they share the same
    ending vowel and consonant sounds.
  • (A word always rhymes with itself.)
  • LAMP
  • STAMP
  • Share the short a vowel sound
  • Share the combined mp consonant sound

42
END RHYME
  • A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word
    at the end of another line
  • Hector the Collector
  • Collected bits of string.
  • Collected dolls with broken heads
  • And rusty bells that would not ring.

43
INTERNAL RHYME
  • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on
    the same line.
  • Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered
    weak and weary.
  • From The Raven
  • by Edgar Allan Poe

44
RHYME SCHEME
  • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end
    rhyme, but not always).
  • Use the letters of the alphabet to represent
    sounds to be able to visually see the pattern.
    (See next slide for an example.)

45
SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME
  • The Germ by Ogden Nash
  • A mighty creature is the germ,
  • Though smaller than the pachyderm.
  • His customary dwelling place
  • Is deep within the human race.
  • His childish pride he often pleases
  • By giving people strange diseases.
  • Do you, my poppet, feel infirm?
  • You probably contain a germ.

a a b b c c a a
46
NEAR RHYME (slant rhyme)
  • a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme/ slant rhyme
  • or eye rhyme/near rhyme
  • The words share EITHER the same vowel or
    consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH
  • ROSE
  • LOSE
  • Different vowel sounds (long o and oo sound)
  • Share the same consonant sound

47
My Papas Waltz Theodore Roethke
  • The whisky on your breath
  • Could make a small boy dizzy
  • But I hung on like death
  • Such waltzing was not easy.
  • We romped until the pans
  • Slid from the kitchen shelf
  • My mothers countenance
  • Could not unfrown itself.

The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one
knuckle At every step you missed My right ear
scraped a buckle. You beat time on my head With
a palm caked hard by dirt, Then waltzed me off to
bed Still clinging to your shirt.
48
My Papas Waltz
  • How does this examination of rhyme change your
    understanding of how the poem works as a whole?
  • Find examples of real rhyme
  • Find examples of slant rhyme
  • How do these rhymes contribute to the meaning of
    the poem?

49
ONOMATOPOEIA
  • Words that imitate the sound they are naming
  • BUZZ
  • from Tennyson's Come Down, O Maid The moan of
    doves in immemorial elms,/And murmuring of
    innumerable bees.
  • The repeated m/n sounds reinforce the idea of
    murmuring by imitating the hum of insects on a
    warm summer day.

50
ALLITERATION
  • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of
    words
  • If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
    how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

51
Henry W. Longfellow, "The Wreck of Hesperus"
  • Then up and spake an old sailor,  Had sailed to
    the Spanish Main,"I pray thee, put into yonder
    port,  For I fear a hurricane."

52
CONSONANCE
  • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .
  • The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in
    the words
  • silken, sad, uncertain, rustling . .

53
ASSONANCE
  • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of
    poetry.
  • (Often creates near rhyme.)
  • Lake Fate Base Fade
  • (All share the long a sound.)

54
ASSONANCE cont.
  • Examples of ASSONANCE
  • Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.
  • John Masefield
  • Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.
  • William Shakespeare
  • Look at The Fish

55
TYPES OF POETRY
56
SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET
  • A fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme
    scheme.
  • The poem is written in three quatrains and ends
    with a couplet.
  • The rhyme scheme is
  • abab cdcd efef gg
  • When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes,
       I all alone between my outcast state, And
    trouble deaf Heaven with my bootless cries,
       And look upon myself, and curse my fate,
    Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,
       Featur'd like him, like him with friends
    possess'd, Desiring this man's art, and that
    man's scope,    With what I most enjoy contented
    least Yet in these thoughts myself almost
    despising,    Haply I think on thee,--and then
    my state (Like to the lark at break of day
    arising    From sullen earth) sings hymns at
    heaven's gate For thy sweet love remember'd
    such wealth brings    That then I scorn to
    change my state with kings'.

57
Source
  • Jeter, Ann
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