'Generations to come, it may be, will scarcely believe that such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth'

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'Generations to come, it may be, will scarcely
believe that such a one as this ever in flesh and
blood walked upon this earth' - Einstein, 1944

One of the greatest men that ever walked on the
face of this earth. Mahatma Gandhi. The man
largely responsible for India's freedom through
Ahimsa from the imperial British rule after
approximately 190 years.

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GANDHIS IDEALS
TRUTH
SATYAGRAHA
AHIMSA
SWARAJ
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TRUTH

• 'BEING TRUE' MEANS KEEPING ONE'S IDEALS, SOUL,
  AND THOUGHT INTACT OF ANY PROVOCATIONS AND IN ANY
  CIRCUMSTANCES
• WHAT THEN IS TRUTH?
• THAT IT IS WHAT THE VOICE WITHIN TELLS YOU.
• HUMAN MIND IS NOT THE SAME FOR ALL, IT FOLLOWS
  THAT WHAT MAY BE TRUTH FOR ONE MAY BE UNTRUTH FOR
  ANOTHER,

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SATYAGRAHA

• (SATYA) IMPLIES TRUTH
• (AGRAHA) FIRMNESS
• ITS ROOT MEANING IS HOLDING ON TO TRUTH, HENCE
  TRUTH-FORCE.
• GANDHI ALSO CALLED IT LOVE-FORCE OR SOUL-FORCE.
• GANDHI ADVOCATED SELF-SUFFERING AS A MEANS OF
  PROTEST AGAINST ANY WRONG.

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AHIMSA

• LITERALLY SPEAKING, AHINSA MEANS NON-VIOLENCE.
• BUT IT HAS MUCH HIGHER, INFINITELY HIGHER
  MEANING.
• NOT TO OFFEND ANYBODY BY ACTION OR THOUGHT
  INCLUDING OWN ENEMY
• WHO FOLLOWS THIS DOCTRINE, THERE ARE NO ENEMIES.

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Swaraj

• If India got freedom from the British by brute
  force, political liberation would be achieved.
  This is one meaning of swaraj or self-rule, a
  mere absence of external rule.
• but there is another deeper meaning which in
  Gandhi's eyes was more important.
• Another side of Swaraj was a development and
  liberation of self through "self-restraint,
  self-regulation, and self-dependence".
• Gandhi's Swaraj included spiritual freedom.
• For the Indian masses, Gandhi also presented
  Swaraj as "a movement of self-purification."

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Swaraj

• He meant that to achieve spiritual liberation,
  the evils in Indian Society - Hindu-Muslim
  clashes, untouchability, and unequal distribution
  of wealth - would have to be conquered and
  eliminated.
• Swaraj was the banner under which Gandhi and his
  contemporary Indian leaders appealed to the minds
  of the Indian people.

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Swaraj

• There is another idea that is linked in Gandhi's
  thought to Swaraj and that is Swadeshi, which has
  a range of meaning such as self-sufficiency,
  self-reliance and even patriotism.
• Specific expressions of swadeshi during the
  freedom struggle included production of khadi to
  boycott of foreign cloth.
• He also emphasized on the importance of change
  with time and introducing new ideas while moving
  on path of development.

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Swaraj

• The Swaraj which was achieved at independence in
  1947 was not true swaraj, in a number of
  respects.
• The greatest disaster was partition of two
  nations on religious basis.
• People who had been neighbours and friends became
  enemies.
• And enmity increased with passage of time to a
  explosive situation

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True Swaraj

• It would be characterised by a relatively
• strong base of nearly self-sufficiency through
  small scale local production activities,
• self-governing villages containing independent,
  well-educated individuals.
• All adults would elect a small body (panchayat)
  to deal with disputes and crime, and also
  relevant political and economic matters.
• Higher education, certain industries and services
  which are desirable but are unable to be provided
  at village level would be provided by the larger
  units.

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Moving away from True Swaraj

• Today most societies are urban,
• In the foreseeable future it seems unlikely that
  there will be a return to the village as the
  centre of life for most people.
• The increasing size of private companies whose
  power extends around the globe and whose purpose
  is primarily to perpetuate their own existence is
  one that Gandhi surely would have been highly
  critical of.
• The environmental impact of economic activity has
  become much greater in the 50 years since
  Gandhi's death,
• low impact lifestyle is implicit in Gandhi's
  approach.
• Gandhi's starting point was the individual self
  development to be extended to groups of
  increasing size up to the whole world community.

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Important quotes

• Nature provides enough for everybody's needs but
  not for anybody's greed
• "Recall the face of the poorest and the weakest
  man whom you may have seen and ask yourself if
  the step you contemplate is going to be of any
  use to him.
• In other words, will it lead to Swaraj for the
  hungry and spiritually starving millions?"

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Need for body protection

• Protection of body from the fury of weather
  (Heat, cold, rain) must be need of human being
  from the beginning
• There must be use of animal hides and skin for
  body covering
• Conversion of plant fibres into ropes, twisting
  of plant fibres into yarn and interlacement into
  fabric must have come through creative minds of
  human being.
• These innovations over a period of time led to
  the development of fibre spinning and weaving
  processes for fabric manufacture. Obviously
  through hand spinning and hand weaving
  operations.

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Rich textile heritage

• Records indicate that cotton was cultivated in
  India 8000 years ago. And the art of spinning and
  weaving was practiced in India 5000 years ago
• All the fabrics which were produced before
  industrial revolution in 18th century were hand
  spun and hand woven
• India has a very rich a tradition of producing
  exclusive hand spun hand woven fabrics even
  today.
• Such fabrics were named by Mahatma Gandhi as
  khadi fabric during the Swadeshi movement for
  freedom.

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Industrial Revolution

• 1771 first cotton mill in England was established
  followed by dozens of similar mills.
• To keep the mills running cotton was imported
  from India at cheap rates
• In return England exported woven fabric to India
  at high price
• As a result no cotton was available for hand
  spinning and weaving in India.
• millions of spinners and weavers throughout
  India were rendered unemployed.
• Deprived of the only means to earn their
  livelihood
• Left free to die of starvation.

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Swadeshi Movement

• The unchecked deterioration of Indian economy and
  fast spreading of misery amongst Indian masses,
  specially artisans attracted the attention of
  patriotic leaders
• In 1876 Dadabhai Naoroji published his famous
  book The poverty of India exposing the
  deprivation of Indian people by Britishers and
  the miserable existence of Indian people at the
  verge of starvation.
• All the leaders felt that Indias acute poverty
  was the direct result of destruction of cottage
  industries by British regime.
• The nationalist leaders urged the people to use
  only Indian goods to the exclusion of British
  goods and gave a clarion call for swadeshi.

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Khadi

• Mahatma Gandhi is not only the father of nation
  but father of khadi.
• In 1908 he discovered Charakha (Spinning wheel)
  in London during discussion with fellow Indians
  regarding the social and political conditions in
  India.
• I saw as in a flash that without spinning wheel
  there was no swaraj (Self rule) I knew at once
  that every one has to spin
• He had a clear vision of his programme of
  reviving ancient industry for economic gains and
  also as a tool of political awakening and
  achieving freedom.
• He returned to India in 1915 during which
  swadeshi movement and boycott of foreign goods
  specially cloth was going on.

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Khadi (continued)

• In 1919 Gandhi launched the Khadi programme in
  the country.
• In 1920 Indian national congress decided to
  encourage khadi producing activities.
• 1925 All India spinners association or charkha
  sangh was established.
• Gandhi firmly believed that charkha was his best
  gift to the nation contributing to its all sided
  development economic, political, social and moral
  
• I may deserve the curse for many mistakes of
  omission and commission but I am confident of
  earning blessings of nation for suggesting a
  revival of charkha, because every revolution of
  wheel spins peace, goodwill and love.

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After independence

• The importance of khadi continued even after
  independence in 1947
• 1948 Government policy on cottage and village
  industries including khadi.
• 1953 All India Khadi and Village Industries Board
• 1957 Khadi and Village Industries Commission
  (KVIC)
• Responsibility to plan, organize and implement
  the programmes of promoting and developing khadi
  and village industries

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Present status

• KVIC works under the administrative control of
  the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries.
• KVIC has a 10 member commission at the policy
  making level.
• one of whom is Chairman),
• Two expert members and
• Two official members (the Chief Executive Officer
  and the Financial Advisor).
• The Chairman, CEO and FA are full time members.
• The head quarters of KVIC is in Mumbai
• It has its State and Regional Offices in all the
  States.
• It has training, production and Sales centres
  through out the country.

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Present status

• KVIC is having 30 State Khadi and Village
  Industries Board,
• over 3500 institutions and
• over 29000 co-operative societies.
• There are around 14200 sales outlets in the
  country in KVI Sector.
• It is having 46 women participation in its
  activities.
• 30 beneficiaries belongs to SC/ST.
• KVI Boards assist over 5 lakh artisans.
• It has reached 2.35 lakhs villages.

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A COMPARISION OF MILL AND KHADI SECTOR
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FABRIC PRODUCTION (MILION SQ. METER)
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Village Industries

• Group-I Mineral based industry
• Group-II Forest based industry
• Group-III Agro based and food industry
• Group-IV Polymer and chemical based
  industry
• Group-V Engineering non- conventional
  energy industry
• Group-VI Textile industry
• Group-VII Service industry

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Group-I Mineral based industry

• 1. Cottage pottery industry
• 2. Lime Stone, Lime shell and other Lime products
  industry
• 3. Stone Crushing, Crushing Carving and Engraving
  for Temples and Buildings.
• 4. Utility articles made out of stone
• 5. Slate and Slate Pencil making
• 6. Manufacture of Plaster of Paris
• 7. Utensil Washing Power
• 8. Fuel Bequeathing
• 9. Jewellery out of Gold, Silver, Stone, Shell
  and Synthetic materials.
• 10. Manufacture of Gulal-Rangoli
• 11. Manufacture of Bangles
• 12. Manufacture of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes
  and Distemper

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Group-II Forest Based Industry

• 13. Hand Made Paper
• 14. Manufacture of Katha
• 15. Manufacture of Gums and Resins
• 16. Manufacture of Shellac
• 17. Cottage Match Industry, Manufacture of Fire
  WorksAgarbatties
• 18. Bamboo and Cane Works
• 19. Manufacture of Paper Cups, Plates, Bags
  other paper containers
• 20. Manufacture of exercise book binding,
  envelope making register making including all
  other stationery items made out of paper
• 21. Khus tattis and broom making
• 22. Collection, Processing and Packing of Forest
  Products
• 23. Photo Framing
• 24. Manufacture of Jute Products (under Fibre
  Industry)

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Group-III Agro Based And Food Industry

• 25. Processing, Packing and Marketing of Cereals,
  Pulses Spices, Condiments, Masala etc.
• 26. Palmgur and other palm products industry
• 27. Manufacture of Cane gur and khadisari
• 28. Bee keeping
• 29. Fruit and vegetables processing, Preservation
  and Canning, including Pickles
• 30. Ghani oil industry
• 31. Fibre other than Coir
• 32. Collection of Forest Plants and fruits for
  Medicinal purpose
• 33. Processing of Maize and Ragi
• 34. Pith work - Manufacture of Pith Mata and
  garlands etc.
• 35. Cashew Processing
• 36. Leaf Cup Making
• 37. Menthol

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Group-IV Polymer and Chemical Based Industry

• 38. Flaying, curing tanning of hides and skins
  and ancillary industries connected with same and
  Cottage Leather Industry
• 39. Cottage Soap Industry
• 40. Manufacture of Rubber Goods (dipped latex
  products)
• 41. Products out of Rexins, PVC etc.
• 42. Horn and Bone including ivory products
• 43. Candle, Camphor and sealing wax making
• 44. Manufacture of Packaging items of Plastics
• 45. Manufacture of Bindi
• 46. Manufacture of Mehendi
• 47. Manufacture of Essential Oils
• 48. Manufacture of Shampoos
• 49. Manufacture of Hair Oils
• 50. Detergents and Washing Power making
  (Non-toxic)

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Group-V Engineering and Non-Conventional Energy
Industry

• 51. Carpentry
• 52. Black-smithy
• 53. Manufacture of House-hold Aluminum Utensils
• 54. Manufacture use of manure methane (gobar
  gas from cow dung other waste products as flesh
  of dead animals, night soil etc.
• 55. Manufacture of Paper, Clips, Safety Pins,
  Stove pins etc.
• 56. Manufacture of decorative bulbs, bottles,
  glass etc.
• 57. Umbrella assembling
• 58. Solar and Wind Energy implements
• 59. Manufacture of hand made Utensil out of Brass
• 60. Manufacture of hand made Utensils out of
  Copper
• 61. Manufacture of hand made Utensils out of Bell
  Metal
• 62. Other articles made out of Brass, Copper and
  Bell Metal
• 63. Production of Radios
• 64. Production of Cassette Player whether or not
  fitted with Radio

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Group-V Engineering and Non-Conventional Energy
Industry

• 65. Production of Cassette Recorder with or
  without Radio
• 66. Production of Voltage Stabilizer
• 67. Manufacture of Electronic Clocks and Alarm
  Time Pieces
• 68. Carved wood and Artistic Furniture making
• 69. Tin Smithy
• 70. Motor Winding
• 71. Wire Net Making
• 72. Iron Grills Making
• 73. Manufacture of Rural transport vehicles such
  as Carts, Bullock Carts, Small Boats, Assembly of
  Bi-cycles, Cycle-rickshaw, motorized carts etc.
• 74. Manufacture of Musical Instruments

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Group-VI Textile Industry

• 75. Polyvastra (Blended fabric)
• 76. Manufacture of Lok-Vastra Cloth
• 77. Hosiery
• 78. Tailoring and Preparation of readymade
  Garments
• 79. Batik work
• 80. Toys and Doll making
• 81. Thread Balls and Woolen Balling, Lacchi
  making
• 82. Embroidery
• 83. Manufacture of Surgical Bandages
• 84. Stove Wicks

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Group-VII Service Industry

• 85. Laundry
• 86. Barber
• 87. Plumbing
• 88. Servicing of Electrical wiring Electronic
  domestic appliances and equipments
• 89. Repairs of diesel engines, pump sets etc.
• 90. Tyre Vulcanizing Unit
• 91. Agriculture servicing for sprayers,
  insecticides, pump sets etc.
• 92. Hiring of sound systems like loudspeaker,
  amplifier, mike etc.
• 93. Battery charging
• 94. Art Board Painting
• 95. Cycle repair shops and
• 96. Masonry.

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Achievements
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Employment