Energy - Introduction - Non-renewable - Renewables - Transportation

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Energy- Introduction- Non-renewable-
Renewables- Transportation
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Energy trivia

• USA has 4.5 of the worlds population
• 25 of worlds commercial energy
• India
• 16.4 of the population
• 3 of worlds commercial energy

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United States
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Energy Sources for Total US Energy Use

• 40 Oil
• 22 Coal
• 22 Natural Gas
• 7 Nuclear
• 5 Hydropower, Geothermal, Solar
• 4 Biomass

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Energy Sources for Transportation Sector

• 98 Oil
• 2 Natural Gas and Electricity (from a variety
  of sources)

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Electricity Energy Source
http//www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec2_2.p
df
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Nonrenewable and renewable

• Nonrenewables
• Oil
• Coal
• Natural gas
• Nuclear
• Renewables
• Solar
• Wind
• Biomass
• Geothermal
• Hydroelectric

• What is it?
• Availability
• Cost
• Impacts

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Oil

• Refining through distillation

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Oil Availability

• Peak of oil production expected 2010-2030.
• Some say it has already occurred
• World oil economic depletion 2035-84 (27 to 76
  years from now)
• BUT Oil use is growing
• (18 from 1990-2003)

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United States production and consumption
56 imports in 2003
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Proven oil reserves at end 2004

• 2/3 of worlds reserves in the Middle East.
• 20 of worlds reserves in Saudi Arabia.
• 3 in United States

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Oil Maintaining Production?

• New Oil Field Finds?
• Oil Shale (or, heavy oil)
• costs 75 more than pumped oil
• mining waste, low net energy yield
• Tar Sands
• severe environmental problems, low net energy
  yield
• New Technology to Exact more Oil from Existing
  Sites?
• Some already in place now
• Note world production has increased lt10 in the
  last two decades

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Oil Consequences
Heidi Snell
Oil spill off the Galapagos Islands 2001
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Oil Evaluation

• Availability and cost
• Still available and cheap (sort of) and will be
  for short-term
• probably not for mid-term
• definitely not for long-term
• Net energy efficiency
• High
• Environmental and other costs
• Pollution (air and water)
• carbon dioxide, NOx, SOx
• Political dependence

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COAL
http//www.ohvec.org/galleries/mountaintop_removal
/007/43.html
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Coal What is it?

• Remains of buried swamp plants that have been
  pressurized over eons.
• Largely carbon, with varying amounts of water and
  sulfur
• Lignite (brown coal)
• low heat, low sulfur content
• Bituminous coal (soft coal)
• high heat, usually high sulfur content
• Anthracite (hard coal)
• high heat, low sulfur content

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PA electricity generation
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Energy use in Ohio
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Coal Supply Expectations

• Identified coal reserves
• last 220 yrs at current rate of use
• last only 65 yrs if rate rises 2 per yr
• Unidentified coal reserves
• last 900 yrs at current rate of use
• last 149 yrs if rate rises 2 per yr
• MOST ABUNDANT FOSSIL FUEL

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Proved coal reserves at end 2004

• 66 worlds known reserves in
• United States (24)
• former Soviet Union
• China
• US anthracite
• only 2 of total

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United States
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Coal Cost

• Cost
• Low
• However
• many old coal-burning facilities
• 45 of cost of new plant is environmental
  compliance

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Coal Environmental Impacts

• Dirtiest fossil fuel
• Mining effects
• Combustion Effects

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Coal evaluation

• Availability
• High
• Cost
• Cheap without environmental controls
• Getting more expensive
• Environmental effects
• HIGH

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Clean coal?? Integrated gasification combined
cycle
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Natural Gas
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Conventional vs Unconventional NG vs Biogas

• found with oil deposits conventional
• found by itself unconventional
• gas from biomass of recent origin biogas
• landfills, cows, termites, decomposition
• methane

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Proven natural gas reserves at end 2004

• 40 of known reserves in former Soviet republics
• 6 of known reserves in US
• In 2003 net imports of natural gas were 15 of
  gas consumed

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Other uses of natural gas

• Chemical industry
• Feedstock for ammonia, methanol, ethylene
• Energy source

• US Government policy has somehow concluded that
  natural gas should be the burned fuel of choice.
  That is something the equivalent of burning rare
  mahogany rather than common pine.
• Andrew Liveris
• CEO Dow Chemical

California energy usage
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Natural Gas Availability

• At PRESENT rate of use
• US conventional supplies 65-80 years
• World conventional supplies 125 years
• Unconventional supplies gt200 years
• Rates increasing 2 per year
• ? 200 year supply becomes 80 year supply

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Natural Gas Environmental Impacts

• Cleanest of all fossil fuels

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Natural Gas

• Availability
• Cost
• Going up
• Env effects
• Clean for a fossil fuel, but still many issues

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Nuclear power
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Nuclear fission how it works
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Nuclear power how it works
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Structure of a Nuclear Reactor
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Nuclear Fission Non-Renewable?

• Conventional Nuclear Reactors Splits uranium-235
  
• U-235 is just 0.7 of total U supply
• U-238 is gt99 of worlds U
• Availability of U-235 100-200 years
• Other potential nuclear fission reactors
  breeders reactors could use U-238

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Nuclear power consumption and production
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The evolution of nuclear power

• 1961 1
• 1969 25
• 1975 31
• 1979 20
• 1985 14
• 1990 3

No new plants licensed since 1978
April 9, 1979
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Chernobyl, 1986
www.spaceman.ca/gallery/ chernobyl/CHERNOBYL_002
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Can nuclear power ever be safe?
http//www.angelfire.com/extreme4/kiddofspeed/chap
ter11.html
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Nuclear waste

• Low level waste
• 100-500 y
• High level waste
• 100,000 240,000 y
• Who has responsibility for waste in US??

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Yucca Mountain
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Environmental impact
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Nuclear energy - evaluation

• Availability
• Short term
• Possibly renewable in long term
• Cost
• High, though promoted as cheap
• Waste
• No known safe storage
• Efficiency
• Low
• Safety

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Energy Renewables
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Solar types

• Solar heating
• Passive

South gtgt
If in northern hemisphere,
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Raystown Field Station
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SOLAR types

• Photovoltaics

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Solar consumption in USA
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PV past and future

• Global production increasing 32 from 2003-2004
• Highly encouraged and supported by government in
  Japan and Germany
• Why not USA?
• Future
• PV roof arrays
• PV shingles

These roof shingles are coated with PV cells made
of amorphous silicon. When installation is
complete, the PV shingles look much like ordinary
roofing shingles, but they generate electricity.
http//www.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.htm
l
OLYMPIC SIZE Site of the 1996 Olympic swimming
competitions, Georgia Tech's Aquatic Center is
powered by one of the world's largest
grid-connected rooftop solar arrays (blue and
gray structure).GEORGIA TECH PHOTO
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SOLAR Evaluation

• 1. Availability

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SOLAR Evaluation (cont.)

• Cost
• Consequences

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Wind
http//www.friendsofbruce.ca/images/calif_wind_far
m.jpg
California Wind Farm
http//www.vma.cape.com/relweb/Wind20Power.htm
Proposed off shore wind farm in Cape Cod
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Wind current status
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Wind current status

• Increased 27 in 2004
• Still only 0.4 US total energy
• Significant in some countries
• Denmark, Northern Germany, parts of Spain
• 20-40 of electrical loads
• Still reliable energy grid with no backup system

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Wind Evaluation

• 1. Availability

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Wind Evaluation

• 1. Availability
• 2. Cost
• 3. Consequences

http//www.microclimetrics.com/public.cfm
Great Plains, USA
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Biomass How it works
Burn
Solid Biomass
Convert
Gas
Liquid
Biogas (methane)
Alcohols (methanol, ethanol) Used for
transportation (gasohol) New Biodiesel
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Consumption of biofuel USA
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Biomass Evaluation

• 1. Availability
• 2. Cost
• 3. Consequences
• No net increase in CO2

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Geothermal how it works
http//www.oup.co.uk/oxed/children/oise/pictures/e
nergy/geothermal/
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Geothermal consumption USA
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Geothermal

• 1. Availability
• 2. Cost
• 3. Consequences

http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/geoelectricity.ht
ml
Geothermal electricity plant, Imperial Valley, CA
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Hydropower
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Hydropower consumption in USA
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Hydropower DAMS

• 1. Availability
• 2. Cost
• 3. Consequences

Glen Canyon Dam
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Tidal and wave power
Artist's conception of a wave farm of 750-kW
Pelamis wave converters, one of which is being
installed off the coast of Scotland by maker
Ocean Power Delivery Ltd. OCEAN POWER DELIVERY
LTD. PHOTO
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Other Energy Choices???
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Conservation

• 1. Availability
• 2. Cost
• 3. Consequences

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ElectricityYOU have a choice!
http//www.green-e.org/
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(No Transcript)
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http//www.resource-solutions.org/lib/librarypdfs/
Purchasing_Guide_for_Web.pdf
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Average house 15/mo extra
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Fueling our vehicles

• Ethanol and biodiesel?
• Hybrids?
• Hydrogen?

City of San Diego
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Ethanol a renewable biofuel

• Energy legislation requires refiners to blend 7.5
  million gal ethanol into gas by 2012 (nearly
  double current amount)
• Displace gt2 billion barrels of imported crude oil
• Distilled from corn or other vegetative material
• Net energy efficiency???
• takes 29 more energy to make then ethanol
  provides (Patzek oil background)
• 67 energy gain (USDA corn biased?)
• 35 energy gain (Energy Department)

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Biodeisel

• Biodiesel
• Generated from soybeans or oilseed plants
• Can be blended with regular diesel and run in any
  engine
• Still costs more
• Use is growing, but still less than ethanol

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Hybrid cars

• Hybrid of gas and electric
• Why better gas mileage?
• How much better?
• Honda Civic
• Hybrid 46 city, 51 highway
• Normal 32 city, 38 highway
• Honda Insight 60 city, 66 highway
• Toyota Prius 60 City, 51 highway
• Ford Escape SUV, 4 WD
• Hybrid 33 City, 29 highway
• Normal 21 city, 24 highway

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Hydrogen