Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology Habitat and Species Diversity

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Chapter 50Introduction to Ecology Habitat and
Species Diversity
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Ecology
Ecology - The Scientific Study Of The
Interactions That Occur Between Organisms
And Their Environment
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Characteristics of Ecology

• Abiotic and Biotic Component
• Scientific View Point From
• Which To Evaluate
• Environmental Issues
• Adaptations To Ecosystem
• Dynamics
• Experimental Ecology
• Ecology And Evolutionary
• Biology

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Studies in Ecology

• -Organismal Ecology
• Physiological, Behavioral and Evolutionary
• Ecology
• Population Ecology
• Size and Density
• Community Ecology
• How disease, Competition and Predation
• Affect Community Structure
• Ecosystem Ecology
• Energy and Nutrient Flow in the Community
• Landscape Ecology -Patches Coral Reefs,
  Riparian Vegetation
• Biosphere

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Studies in Ecology
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The Biosphere
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Organisms and the Environment

• Distribution, why?
• What are limits?
• Often many factors.

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Biogeographic Realms
Biogeography Why?
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Flow Chart of Factors Limiting Geographic
Distribution
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Range Expansion
What could be contributing to such an
expansion in range?
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Biotic Factors

• Predators
• Prey
• Parasites
• Disease
• Competition
• Intraspecies Interactions
• Interspecies Interactions

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Ecological Factors

• Major Abiotic Factors
• - Temperature
• - Water
• - Sunlight
• - Wind
• - Rocks And Soil
• Periodic Disturbances

Flagging
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Climatic Patterns

• Climate and Distribution of Organisms
• Global Climate Patterns
• Solar Energy Input
• Major Wind Patterns
• Microclimates
• Local And Seasonal Climate
• - Location In Relation To Large Bodies
• Of Water
• - Topography - Aspect
• - Temperature And Altitude (6oC/1000m)
• - Windward/Leeward
• Rainshadow

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SOLAR RADIATION
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Figure 50.12 What causes the seasons?
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Figure 50.13 Global air circulation,
precipitation, and winds
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Air Circulation Cells
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Moderating Effects of Large Bodies of Water
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Topography
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Thermal Stratification

• Epilimnion
• Thermocline
• Hypolimnion

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Temperature Stratification An Example of
Seasonal Change
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Long Term ChangeRange of the American Beech
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Figure 50.17 The distribution of major aquatic
biomes
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Aquatic Ecology

• Aquatic Ecosystems - Freshwater And Marine
• - Freshwater - Less That 1 Salt.
• - Ponds And Streams
• - Photic
• - Aphotic
• - Littoral Zone
• - Limnetic Zone
• Profundal Zone
• Benthic Zone
• Benthos - Detritus

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Figure 50.18 Zonation in a lake
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Types of Freshwater Ponds

• Oligotrophic Nutrient poor, oxygen
• rich, usually very clear
• Mesotrophic Nutrients in balance with
  organic need, oxygen adequate for most
• life forms.
• Eutrophic Nutrient rich, wide fluctuations in
  oxygen, turbid waters, often in filling
• stage.

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Pond Types
Oligotrophic Eutrophic
Eutrophic
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Wetlands

• Wetlands
• Marsh
• Swamp
• Bog
• Basin
• Riverine
• Fringe
• Estuaries
• Salt Marsh, Mud Flat
• Salinity
• Productivity
• Human Impact

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Figure 50.21 Wetlands (top) and estuaries
(bottom)
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Marine Ecology

• Marine - Average 3 Salt.
• Marine Zones
• - Intertidal
• - Neritic
• - Oceanic
• - Pelagic
• - Abyssal
• - Benthic

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Figure 50.22 Zonation in the marine environment
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Marine Ecology

• Coral Reefs
• Marine Life Forms
• - Plankton - Phytoplankton And Zooplankton
• - Nekton
• - Benthos
• Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities

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Figure 50.23 Examples of marine biomes
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Figure 50.23cx Black smoker
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Biomes
Geographical Distribution Of Biomes - Based On
Climate - Biome - Community Or Ecosystem Typical
Of A Broad Geographical Area. - Ecotones -
Transition Areas Between Biomes.
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Biomes

• Biomes
• Tropical Forest
• Rain Forest
• Seasonal Forest
• - Savanna
• - Desert
• - Chaparral
• - Temperate Grasslands
• - Temperate Deciduous Forest
• - Taiga
• - Tundra

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Biome Distribution
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Tropical Forests
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Deserts
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Savanna
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Savanna
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Chaparral
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Chaparral
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Temperate Grassland
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BIOMES
Grasslands
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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BIOMES
Temperate Deciduous Forest
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BIOMES
Taiga
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Coniferous Forests
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Tundra