Technology Development and Transfer in the Context of Climate Change Negotiations

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Climate change is one of the most complex,
multifaceted and serious threats the world faces.
The response to this threat is fundamentally
linked to pressing concerns of sustainable
development and global fairness of economy,
poverty reduction and society and of the world
we want to hand down to our children. - UN
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon
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• Innovate to save the planet
• Necessity is the mother of invention. An
  inventor knows no gender.
• What everyone wants are solutions which are not
  only good for the planet, but also good for
  business and good for development. Technological
  innovation is seen as the best hope of delivering
  this state.

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• Technological solutions are needed for the
  challenges of both mitigation and adaptation.
• Mitigation is about slowing down global warming
  by reducing the level of greenhouse gases in the
  atmosphere. Among the many mitigation
  technologies already on or nearing the market
  are renewable energy sources, such as, biofuels,
  biomass, wind, solar and hydro power low carbon
  building materials and emerging technologies
  which aim to capture carbon out of the atmosphere
  and lock it away.
• Adaptation involves dealing with the existing or
  anticipated effects of climate change,
  particularly in the developing, least developed
  and small island countries, which are most
  severely affected. In addition to soft
  technologies, such as, crop rotation, hard
  technologies for adaptation include improved
  irrigation techniques to cope with drought, and
  new plant varieties which are resistant to
  drought or to salt water.

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• Gender-sensitive technologies to support climate
  change adapatation and mitigation

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Outline

• What is technology?
• Why do we need technology? How do we develop and
  transfer technology?
• What are the issues in technology development and
  transfer?
• What is technology development and transfer? What
  are the legal framework?
• What Africa has and know
• What are the challenges for now and beyond?

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What comes to mind when you hear the word
technology?
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Technology

• refers to the process by which humans modify
  nature, products, process, etc. to meet their
  needs and wants

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CSD-17 LEARNING CENTRE COURSE Friday, May 8,
2009, 1000am to 100pmConference Room C, United
Nations Headquarters Evaluating the Role of
Biofuels in Sustainable Rural Development
Introduction to the Course
Gail Karlsson, Senior Policy Advisor to ENERGIA,
the International Network on Gender and
Sustainable Energy, editor of The Role of
Biofuels in Rural Development and Empowerment of
Women, and a member of IUCNs Commission on
Environmental Law Overview on the Potential of
Biofuels for Economic and Social Development
Professor Richard Ottinger, Dean Emeritus of the
Pace University School of Law and Chair of the
Energy and Climate Specialists Group within
IUCNs Commission on Environmental Law, and
author of Biofuels Potential, Problems
Solutions.
Course Instructors Barbara Bramble, Chair of the
Board of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels,
and Senior Program Advisor for International
Affairs of the National Wildlife Federation
Stephen Gitonga, United Nations Development
Programme, Bureau for Development Policy,
Environment and Energy Group, Sustainable Energy
Programme, Energy Policy Specialist. Sabina
Anokye Mensah, Gender and Development
Coordinator, GRATIS Foundation, Ghana,
contributing author to ENERGIAs publication The
Role of Biofuels in Rural Development and
Empowerment of Women Coordinated by
Professor Ottinger, tel [phone],
rottinger_at_law.pace.edu and Gail Karlsson, tel
212-267-4239, gkarlsson_at_worldnet.att.net
International Union for the International
Network on Gender andConservation of
Nature Sustainable Energy
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• Technology is a product of engineering and
  science, the study of the natural world
• 2 parts
• ?body of knowledge accumulated over time
• ?process-scientific inquiry that generates
  knowledge (K of design creation of human-made
  products process for solving problems)

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• Technology
• Objects, i.e., tools, machines, instruments,
  weapons, appliances or the physical as devise for
  performance
• Knowledge or know-how used in technological
  innovation
• Activities or what people do
• Process that begins with needs and ends in
  solution
• Socio-technical system or manufacture and use of
  objects

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• Is technology
• gender-neutral?

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Technology is never gender-neutral

• In many developing countries, girls and womens
  access to information and communication
  technology is constrained by
• Social and cultural bias
• Inadequate technological infrastructure in rural
  areas
• Womens lower education levels and fear of or
  lack of interest in technology
• ? Womens lack of disposable income to purchase
  technology services

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Technology Development
and Transfer What do we know?

• Investments in clean, energy-efficient
  technologies are growing fast, including new
  financial products and markets
• Substantial financing gap for the required
  scale-up of clean, energy-efficient technologies
  for both mitigation and adaptation are available
• Private sector incentives are being reinforced
• Africa has great potential for all of the
  renewable energy technologies in recent years
  wind, solar, biofuels
• Carbon markets (including CDM) can play important
  role but Africa is yet to see the benefits
• Indigenous adaptation technologies already exist
  in Africa and need to be documented, scaled-up
  and diffused

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Areas of focus for technological intervention

• Technology needs and needs assessment
• Technology information
• Enabling environments for technology transfer
• Capacity building for technology transfer
• Mechanisms for technology transfer
• Financing

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Gender in Energy
Kitchen Improvement for Indoor Air Quality and
Health
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USEPA PCIA University of Berkeley, Aprovecho,
ARECOP, ENERGIA, UNDP REP-PoR, CIDA-AIT SEA
UEMA, WBDM 2007
Name of respondent Salvacion Calimlim
Particulate Matter Before After Perce
nt reduction 18 -19 Mar 26 -27 May 0.60
mg/m3 or 0.26 mg/m3 or 56.67 600 ug/m3
260 ug/m3 Carbon Monoxide Before After Perce
nt reduction 18 -19 May 26 -27 May 2.66
ppm 1.12 pm 57.89
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Group work (15 minutes)

• Group 1
• For technology intervention
• What are your reasons
• Group 2
• Against technology intervention
• What are your reasons?
• Group 3
• For innovation

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Key issues to consider

• What technology development and transfer issues
  are key challenges for African countries? How do
  we integrate gender dimensions in TDT?
• What key issues Africa should focus on?
• What key sectors Africa needs to focus on in TDT?
• What can AMCEN and other regional institutions do
  to support actions by African Countries on
  gender-responsive TDT?
• Do you think Africa requires a regional
  technology action plan for mitigation and
  adaptation? Why? How will you go about this plan?
  What will be the mechanism, esp. in gender
  considerations?
• How quickly can Africa move to low carbon
  emission economies? How will gender be integrated
  in the initiative?
• What policy approach is needed in Africa to
  accelerate gender-responsive technology
  development and transfer for mitigation and
  adaptation?

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• What level of investments are required for
  sustainable technology development and transfer
  within Africa?
• How will Africa address the issue of intellectual
  property rights?
• What form of international RD sharing and
  co-operation should take place?
• What should be the role and ultimate scope of
  carbon markets and CDM in TDT?
• What incentive mechanisms should be in place to
  stimulate private sector participation in TDT in
  Africa?
• What institutional arrangements should be put in
  place both at the national, sub-regional
  international level to facilitate and enhance TDT?

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Agenda 21 Chapter 34Transfer of Environmentally
Sound Technology, Cooperation and
Capacity-building

• 34.1 Environmentally sound technologies protect
  the environment, are less polluting, use all
  resources in a more sustainable manner, recycle
  more of their wastes and products, and handle
  residual wastes in a more acceptable manner than
  the technologies for which they were substitutes.
• 34.2 ESTs process and product technologies.
  end of the pipe technologies

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• The United Nations Framework Convention on
  Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol
  have paid attention to the need for development
  and transfer of environmentally sound
  technologies to developing countries,
• For the purposes of enabling these countries to
  achieve advancement in their development whilst
  limiting their greenhouse gas emissions and
  adapting to the impacts of climate change.

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• The Article 4.1 (c) of the UNFCCC commits all
  Parties to the Convention to promote and
  cooperate in the development, application and
  diffusion, including transfer of technologies,
  practices and processes that control, reduce or
  prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse
  gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in
  all relevant sectors, including the energy
  transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and
  waste management sectors.

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• Article 4.5 commits the developed country Parties
  and other developed Parties in Annex II to the
  Convention to take all practicable steps to
  promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate,
  the transfer of or access to, environmentally
  sound technologies and know-how to other Parties,
  particularly developing country Parties to enable
  them implement the provisions of the Convention.

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• Article 4.7 states that the extent to which
  developing countries under the Convention will
  effectively implement their commitments under the
  Convention will depend on the effective
  implementation by developed country Parties of
  their commitments under the Convention related to
  financial resources (Article 3.1) and transfer of
  technology (Article 4.5) and will take fully into
  account that economic and social development and
  poverty eradication are the first and overriding
  priorities of the developing country Parties.

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• The Article 3.14 of the KP on commitments,
  acknowledges the need to minimize the adverse
  impacts of climate change on developing countries
  and notes among the issues to be considered
  shall be the establishment of funding, insurance
  and technology transfer.
• Article 10.6(b) of KP recognises that adaptation
  technologies would improve adaptation to climate
  change.

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• Article 10.6 (c) of KP commits Parties to
  cooperate in the promotion of effective
  modalities for the development, application and
  diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to
  promote, facilitate and finance practices and
  processes pertinent to climate change, in
  particular to developing countries including the
  formulation of policies and programmes for the
  effective transfer of environmentally sound
  technologies that are publicly owned or in the
  public domain and the creation of enabling
  environment for the private sector, to promote
  and enhance the transfer of access to,
  environmentally sound technologies.

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• Furthermore, Article 11.1 (b) of the KP commits
  developed countries Parties and other developed
  Parties in Annex II to the Convention to provide
  financial resources, including the transfer of
  technology, needed by developing countries to
  meet the agreed full incremental costs of
  advancing the implementation of existing
  commitments under Article 4.1 of the Convention

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• The design of Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol
  i.e. Clean Development Mechanism should also lead
  to the transfer of environmentally sound
  technologies.
• According to the World Development Report 2010
  Development and Climate Change, ... a two-degree
  Celsius warming above pre-industrial levels could
  permanently reduce Africa's annual per capita
  consumption by four to five per cent....The
  report calls on industrialised countries, which
  have released most of the greenhouse gases, to
  lead the way in charting a new low-carbon
  economic path. In addition, the report calls for
  financial support to enable developing countries
  adapt to climate change and lay the foundation
  for low-carbon economies.

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• Several decisions have been made since the
  adoption of the UNFCCC and later the KP
• In Marrakech, 2001 the Expert Group on Technology
  Transfer (EGTT) was established and with a 5-year
  mandate
• EGTT was placed under the Subsidiary Body for
  Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to
  provide advice and recommendations to SBSTA
• The Special Climate Change Fund was also agreed
  upon but with limited funds

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The EGTT

• Over the years (since 2001) EGTT has produced
  very good technical papers
• But has not lived to the expectations of
  developing countries in terms of actual
  technology development and transfer to developing
  countries. Because the EGTT under the SBSTA has
  failed to addresses the following
• The setting up of specific technology goals
• Development of indicators and accounting systems
  to track progress on technology transfer?
• Unable to undertake implementation actions under
  SBSTA because of the limitations of the SBSAT
  itself.
• In 2006 in Nairobi, developing countries did not
  see the need to renew the mandate of the EGTT

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• In Bali in 2007 an agreement was reached to renew
  the mandate of the EGTT
• Now the EGTT reports both to the SBSTA and the
  Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI).
• The difference here is that Parties now recognize
  that implementation of the UNFCCC and the KP
  commitments on technology development and
  transfer has not been met and that there is the
  need to urgently address DTT implementation under
  SBI.
• As a consequence the COP by its decision 4/CP.13
  called the GEF to elaborate on a strategic
  programme to scale up investment in technology
  development and transfer.

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TDT and the Bali Action Plan (BAP)

• Decision 1/CP.13 - the BAP rightly recognizes
  again that development and transfer of
  technologies to developing countries as one of
  the means to support implementation of actions on
  mitigation and adaptation to climate change.
• TDT is one of the four major building blocks to
  be discussed and agreed upon in Copenhagen.

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Achievements after Bali

• Following from Bali (4/CP.13), the GEF has now
  elaborated a strategic programme aimed at scaling
  up development and transfer of technologies the
  Poznan Strategic Programme
• GEF has already issued a call for proposals (CFP)
  for pilot technology development and transfer
  projects CFP closes in August 2009

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Key issues under the Bali Action Plan on TDT

• Effectiveness of tools mechanisms for
  technology co-operation
• Removal of barriers to promoting technology
  transfer including
• Financing
• Intellectual property rights
• Tariffs and non-tariffs
• Capacity building
• Ways to accelerate deployment, diffusion and
  transfer of technologies
• Co-operation on research and development

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What should Africa look for under the BAP?

• Call for the creation of an international
  framework agreement for technology development
  and transfer or new mechanism that addresses both
  mitigation and adaptation, in order to boost the
  effectiveness in innovation and investment
  required around the world to address climate
  change.

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• TDT mechanism of framework agreement should
• Be informed by the shared vision for long-term
  cooperative action, including a long-term global
  goal for emission reductions, to achieve the
  ultimate objective of the Convention and the
  urgent need for adaptation to the impacts of
  climate change
• Include an incentive package to scale up
  technology development and transfer to
  developing country Parties in order to promote
  access to affordable environmentally sound
  technologies through creation of additional value
  and crediting for participation in technology
  development, deployment, diffusion and transfer
  for greenhouse emissions reduction and enhanced
  resilience to impacts of climate change

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• Incorporate an institutional mechanism and tools
  for supporting, supervising, monitoring and
  evaluating the effectiveness of the
  implementation of agreed actions on technology
  development and transfer
• Provide for a compliance and enforcement regime
  for development and transfer of technologies
  linked to quantified emissions reduction and
  limitation commitments and increased resilience
  of communities and ecosystems to the impact of
  climate change
• Support capacity building and capacity
  development in developing countries for
  technology development, adoption, deployment,
  diffusion and transfer including, inter alia,
  support for national systems of innovation

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• Ensure improved access to new and additional,
  adequate, predictable, appropriate, equitable and
  sustainable public-sector financial resources and
  investments to support mitigation and adaptation
  and technology development and transfer and
  technology cooperation
• Promote substantial private-sector participation,
  finance and investments in technologies for
  mitigation and adaptation
• Ensure protection of intellectual property rights
  that guarantees access to and use of technologies
  by avoiding over-protectionism

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• Ensure access to technology information,
  including in particular the costs and performance
  of technologies
• Provide for international programme for joint or
  collaborative research, demonstration and early
  stage deployment of technologies
• Provide guidance on national/domestic government
  policies needed to, notably creating a higher
  level of long-term policy certainty
• (a) over future demands for low carbon
  technologies, upon which the private sector
  including the industrys decision makers can
  rely, and
• (b) for private financing of technologies for
  adaptation.

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• Pay specific attention to the technology needs of
  (a) major emerging and big economies, (b)
  emerging but small developing economies, and (c)
  least developed countries, and (d) small island
  developing states among developing countries
• Promote and finance south-south cooperation
• Support mechanism for early action on sector
  specific technology innovation, development,
  demonstration, massive deployment and transfer.

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• Technology Development and Transfer Aspects of
  the Shared Vision
• A medium to long-term vision for the entire
  technology cycle from innovation through to
  application and transfer be guided and driven by
  medium to long-term global goal based on
• Level of emission reductions, to achieve the
  ultimate objective of the Convention
• Quantum of technology development, deployment and
  diffusion required
• Urgent need for adapting to the impacts of
  climate change
• Level of finance and investment required
• Extent of sectoral coverage, and
• Level of participation by all technology
  development and transfer actors

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• Incentive Package for Added Value and Crediting
• In order to promote access to and use of
  affordable environmentally sound technologies
  there is the need to create additional value and
  crediting for participation in technology
  development, deployment, diffusion and transfer.
  International mechanism could be put in place to
  assess and include an incentive package to scale
  up the development and transfer of technology to
  developing country Parties.
• The international mechanism could lead to
  rewards/credits for participation in development
  and transfer climate friendly technologies
  through a link with Parties commitment in terms
  of quantified emission limitation and reduction
  obligations.
• Promoting and providing direct incentives for
  technology programmes such as supporting
  international technology cooperative development
  networks, national policies/actions, certify
  credits for special and priority technology
  programmes, and managing long-term regulatory
  risk.

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• New Mechanisms for a TDT Institutional and
  Financial
• The new mechanisms to operate under the authority
  and guidance of the COP and be accountable to it.
  It shall aim to achieve
• Accessibility, affordability, appropriateness and
  adaptability of technologies required by
  developing countries for enhanced action on
  mitigation and adaptation
• Provision of full costs and full incremental
  costs, as per Article 4.3 of the Convention
• Adequacy and predictability of funds for
  technology transfer
• Removal of barriers for technology development
  and transfer

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• Institutional Mechanism Executive Body
  comprising and be supported by
• Strategic Planning Committee to develop
  strategy provide regular guidance assess and
  elaborate technology-related matters
  continuously evaluate progress and develop
  updates for the Technology Action Plan,
• Technical Panels to generate and compile current
  expert information related to capacity building
  policies and measures intellectual property
  cooperation sectoral, cross-sectoral, and cross
  cutting cooperation assessment, monitoring and
  compliance and other necessary topics.
• Verification Group to verify the financial and
  technological contributions made to the mechanism
  in accordance with the overall measurable,
  reportable, verifiable requirement of Decision
  1/CP.13.
• Secretariat to support and facilitate the
  activities of the Executive Body.

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• Technology Action Plan
• The Technology Action Plan should define specific
  policies, actions, and funding requirements for
  all relevant technologies under the following
  classifications
• Public domain technologies
• Patented technologies.
• Future technologies.
• The Action Plan should support the establishment
  of national and regional technology centers of
  excellence and should reinforce north-south,
  south-south and triangular cooperation, including
  joint research and development.

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What do you think should Africa do to prepare a
joint action plan for TDT

• Action plan for Technology development,
  deployment, diffusion and transfer for mitigation
  and adaptation in Africa
• Legislative instruments
• Institutional Arrangements
• Capacity development dimensions
• Development of a master plan, including
  partnership/collaboration platforms, private
  sector engagement and monitoring and evaluation
  schemes
• Funding mechanisms

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• Support mechanism for policy formulation
  including international negotiations
• Development of technical papers by experts within
  sub-region, e.g. Africa Technical Expert Panel on
  TDT
• Assist member countries to develop the necessary
  pull mechanisms or enabling environment
  (starting with NAPA)
• Support harmonization of regional TDT policy
  frameworks
• Support and develop regional positions on TDT

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Enhancing womens leadership and gender equality

• In many poor communities in developing countries,
  there are more women-headed households with
  inherent leadership skills
• - awareness-raising campaigns on sustainable
  development and CC mitigation and adaptation
• - enabling women with leadership skills to
  identify, manage sustainable development projects
  using indigenous, ecologically-friendly
  technologies with high potential for carbon
  market
• Elected women in local and national government
• - establish mechanism to train these elected
  women in knowledge management related to
  sustainable development projects and CC
  mitigation to intelligibly influence policy
  formulation and reforms

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Addressing the needs of poor women and men

• Since they comprise large portion of the
  population, even low carbon technologies create
  impacts
• Example 1 improved cookstove reduces 1 ton of
  carbon a year used by 2M poor women and men in
  the kitchen up-scaling successful pilot
  projects biogas and methane projects among
  millions of poor households
• Improvement of low carbon technologies for poor
  women and men - capability-building activities
• Example women tend to contribute less to GHG
  emissions (agriculture) but CC has severe impacts
  on womens socio-economic activities

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• Addressing the needs of poor women and men
  (cont.)
• - training them on how to conduct baseline and
  methodologies in analyzing potential amount of
  emission reductions
• Example existing bioenergy systems, use of
  biomass as cooking fuel
• - CC policies focus on mitigation, such as,
  renewable energy must offer alternative ways
• Example government policy prohibiting open
  field-burning of agricultural wastes (Clean Air
  Act) implemented hand-in-hand with
  energy-efficient and ecologically-friendly
  technologies that converts agricultural wastes
  into compost or energy-efficient charcoal
  briquette or clean cooking energy

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Among those funds, mechanisms and technologies on
CC mitigation and adaptation

• What portion of the Civil Society are aware of
  the existing mitigation finance and ESTs?
• What portion of the funds have been accessed by
  Civil Society, esp. poor women and men? How do
  they avail of the funds?
• What roles did women and men play in the
  planning, implementation and sustainability of
  development projects?
• What were the gains and pains of women and men?
  Social-cultural, economic, technological,
  environmental?
• What have women and men contributed to the
  success/failure of the development projects?
• How much is the projects share in the carbon
  market?

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• Technological solutions to climate change will be
  very different if more women were in leadership
  and decision-making positions.

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Thank You for our active participation in the
discussion